A sample of 570 teachers working in four universities of Punjab (Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar; Punjabi University, Patiala; Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana; and Punjab University, Chandigarh) were surveyed to assess the status of the health of university teachers and to identify factors causing stress among them. The results revealed that 14 per cent of the respondents were suffering from poor health. The factor analysis of 60 items covering various aspects of the job of a university teacher yielded 14 factors. The regression analysis revealed that ‘Inadequate Competence of Teachers’, ‘Formalities’, ‘Tough and Dull Job’, ‘Unpleasant Work Conditions and Lack of Resources’, ‘Poor Quality of Students’, ‘Lack of Control’ and ‘Demanding Job’ are significant stressors causing stress among the university teachers and affecting their health adversely. Whereas, ‘Work–Life Imbalance’, ‘Workplace Politics and No Freedom of Expression’, ‘Discriminatory Behaviour of Head of the Department’, ‘Slow and Limited Promotion and Inequitable Salary’, ‘Excessive Workload’, ‘Poor Interpersonal Relations’, and ‘Sexual Harassment’ have not been found to be significant job characteristics determining the health of the respondents.
AbouserieR. (1996). Stress, coping strategies and job satisfaction in university academic staff. Educational Psychology, 16(1), 49–56.
2.
AzeemS.A.NazirN.A. (2008). A study of job burnout among university teachers. Psychology Developing Societies, 20(1), 51–64.
3.
BarkhuizenN.RothmannS. (2008). Occupational stress of academic staff in South African higher education institutions. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 321–336.
4.
BlixA.G.CruiseR.J.MitchellB.M.BlixG.G. (1994). Occupational stress among university teachers. Educational Research, 36(2), 157–169.
5.
BoydS.WylieC. (1994). Workload and stress in New Zealand universities (pp. 1–104). Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research and the Association of University Staff of New Zealand.
6.
BrownR.D.BondS.GerndtJ.KragerL.KrantzB.LukinM.PrenticeD. (1986). Stress on campus: An interactional perspective. Research in Higher Education, 24(1), 97–112.
CoetzeeS.E.RothmannS. (2005). Occupational stress, organizational commitment and ill-health of employees at a higher education institution in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(1), 47–54.
9.
DienerT. (1985). Job satisfaction and college faculty in two predominantly black institutions. The Journal of Negro Education, 54(4), 558–565.
10.
DoyleC.HindP. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout and job status in female academics. Gender, Work and Organization, 5(2), 67–82.
11.
DuaJ.K. (1994). Job stressors and their effects on physical health, emotional health, and job satisfaction in a university. Journal of Educational Administration, 32(1), 59–78.
12.
FakoT.T. (2010). Occupational stress among university employees in Botswana. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 313–326.
13.
FaridG.G. (1991). Stress factors among college educators. Master’s Thesis, Brock University, St. Catherine’s, Ontario, Available at ERIC, pp. 1–104.
14.
FishT.A.FraserI.H. (2001). Exposing the iceberg of teaching anxiety: A survey of faculty at three New Brunswick universities. American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://employees.csbsjv.edu/jmakepeace/perspectives2001/Fish2001.jmm.html.
15.
GaltonM.MacBeathJ. (2008). Teachers under pressure. National Union of Teachers. Great Britain: The Cromwell Press Ltd.
16.
GillespieN.A.WalshM.WinefieldA.H.DuaJ.StoughC. (2001). Occupational stress in universities: Staff perceptions of the causes, consequences and moderators of stress. Work & Stress, 15(1), 53–72.
17.
GmelchW.H. (1982). Beyond stress to effective management. New York: Wiley.
18.
GmelchW.H. (1993). Coping with faculty stress. US: Sage Publications.
19.
GmelchW.H.BurnsJ.S. (1994). Sources of stress for academic department chairpersons. Journal of Educational Administration, 32(1), 79–94.
20.
GmelchW.H.WilkeP.K.LovrichN.P. (1986). Dimensions of stress among university faculty: Factor-analytic results from a national study. Research in Higher Education, 24(3), 266–286.
21.
GoldbergD. (1978). The general health questionnaire (twelve-item version). England: NFER-NELSON Publishing Co.
22.
HackmanJ.R.OldhamG.R. (1974). The job diagnostic survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences.
23.
HeX.X.LiZ.Y.ShiJ.MaoR.MuR.H.ZhouY.A. (2000). A comparative study of stress among university faculty in China and Japan. Higher Education, 39(3), 253–278.
24.
HoganJ.M.CarlsonJ.G.DuaJ. (2002). Stressors and stress reactions among university personnel. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(4), 289–310.
25.
IwancikiE.F. (1983). Toward understanding and alleviating teacher burnout. Theory into Practice, 22(1), 27–32.
26.
KinmanG. (1998). Pressure points—A survey into the causes and consequences of occupational stress in UK academic and related staff (pp. 1–40). London: Association of University Teachers.
27.
KinmanG.JonesF. (2003). Running up the down escalator: Stressors and strains in UK academics. Quality in Higher Education, 9(1), 21–38.
28.
LeónJ.M.AvarguesM.L. (2004). Evaluation of the stress in social and professional integration in the University of Seville, Spain. Madrid: Fundación Mapfre Medicina.
29.
LeungT.SiuO.SpectorP.E. (2000). Faculty stressors, job satisfaction, and psychological distress among university teachers in Hong Kong: The role of locus of control. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 121–138.
30.
NavarroM.L.A.MasM.B. (2010). Job stress and burnout syndrome at university: A descriptive analysis of the current situation and review of the principal lines of research. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 6, 67–72.
31.
NavarroM.L.A.MasM.B.JiménezA.M.J. (2010). Working conditions, burnout and stress symptoms in university professors: Validating a structural model of the mediating effect of perceived personal competence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 284–296.
32.
OfoegbuF.NwadianiM. (2006). Level of perceived stress among lectures in Nigerian universities. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 33(1), 1–18.
33.
OsipowS.H.SpokaneA.R. (1983). A manual for measures of occupational stress, strain, and coping. Columbus, OH: Marathon Consulting and Press.
34.
PerlbergA.KeinanG. (1986). Sources of stress in academe: The Israeli case. Higher Education, 15(1/2), 73–88.
35.
SelyeH. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw Hill.
36.
SharpleyC.F.ReynoldsR.AcostaA.DuaJ.K. (1996). The presence, nature and effects of job stress on physical and psychological health at a large Australian university. Journal of Educational Administration, 34(4), 73–86.
37.
SpielbergerC.D. (1991). Professional manual for the job stress survey (JSS). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
38.
SteynG.M.KamperG.D. (2006). Understanding occupational stress among educators: An overview. Africa Education Review, 3(1–2), 113–133.
39.
TarisT.W.SchreursP.J.G.SilfhoutI.J.V.I. (2001). Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university taff: Towards a dual process model for the effects of occupational stress. Work & Stress, 15(4), 283–296.
40.
ThompsonC.J.DeyE.L. (1998). Pushed to the margins: Sources of stress for African American college and university faculty. The Journal of Higher Education, 69(3), 324–345.
41.
ThorsenE.J. (1996). Stress in academe: What bothers professors. Higher Education, 31(4), 471–489.
42.
TytherleighM.Y.WebbC.CooperC.L.RickettsC. (2005). Occupational stress in UK higher education institutions: A comparative study of all staff categories. Higher Education Research & Development, 24(1), 41–61.
43.
VailN.H. (1990). Classroom stressors and coping strategies. M.Ed. Project, Brock University, St. Catherine’s, Ontario, Canada.
44.
ViljoenJ.P.RothmannS. (2009). Occupational stress, ill-health and organisational commitment of employees at a university of technology. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 35(1), 1–11.
45.
WilsonV. (2002). Feeling the strain: An overview of the literature on teachers’ stress. The Scottish Council for Research in Higher Education. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.
46.
WinefieldA.H.GillespieN.StoughC.DuaJ.HapuararchchiJ. (2002). Occupational stress in Australian universities: A national survey. A report to the Vice Chancellors, National Tertiary Education Union, Faculty and Staff of Australian Universities, and the Ministers for Education and Health, pp. 1–102.
