High-level managers are often faced with challenging demands at work, and much of the managerial development literature has researched the responses to these challenges. The authors propose an extension to this research by investigating the influence of challenge-related and obstacle-related job demands on job search among a sample of U.S. managers and a sample of international managers. Specifically, the authors propose divergent relationships among job search and the type of job demands managers experience, and we also explore the mediating effect of job satisfaction. The authors’ study provides further insight into the complexities of managerial responsibilities and their behavioral outcomes.
Adler, N. J. (1983). A typology of management studies involving culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 29-48.
2.
Antonovski, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3.
Barber, A. E., Daly, C. L., Giannantonio, C. M., & Phillips, J. M. (1994). Job search activities: An examination of changes over time. Personnel Psychology, 47, 739-766.
4.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-600.
6.
Blau, G. (1993). Further exploring the relationship between job search and voluntary individual turnover. Personnel Psychology, 46, 313-330.
7.
Blau, G. (1994). Testing a 2-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59, 288-312.
8.
Boswell, W. R., Olson-Buchanan, J. B., & LePine, J. A. (2004). Relations between stress and work outcomes: The role of felt challenge, job control, and psychological strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 165-181.
9.
Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 53-81.
10.
Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., Judge, T. A., & Bretz, R. D. J. (2001). Personality and cognitive ability as predictors of job search among employed managers. Personnel Psychology, 54, 25-50.
11.
Bretz, R. D., Jr., Boudreau, J. W., & Judge, T. A. (1994). Job search behavior of employed managers. Personnel Psychology, 47, 275-301.
12.
Brewster, C. (1994). European HRM: Reflection of, or challenge to, the American concept? In P. S. Kirkbride (Ed.), Human resource management in Europe (pp. 56-89). London: Routledge.
13.
Brewster, C. (1995). Towards a “European” model of human resource management. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, 1-21.
14.
Brutus, S., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & McCauley, C. D. (2000). Developing from job experiences: The role of organization-based self-esteem. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11, 367-380.
15.
Budhwar, P. S., & Debrah, Y. (2001). Rethinking comparative and cross-national human resource management research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 497-515.
16.
Butler, T., & Waldroop, J. (1999). Job sculpting—The art of retaining your best people. Harvard Business Review, 77, 144-152.
17.
Cappelli, P. (2000). A market-driven approach to retaining talent. Harvard Business Review, 78, 103-112.
18.
Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among US managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 65-74.
19.
Crozier, M. (1964). The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago: University Press.
20.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
21.
Drabek, T. E., & Hass, J. E. (1969). Laboratory simulation of organizational stress. American Sociological Review, 39, 222-236.
22.
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
23.
Dwyer, D. J., & Ganster, D. C. (1991). The effects of job demands and control on employee attendance and satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 595-608.
24.
Ferris, G. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Buckley, M. R., Harrell-Cook, G., & Frink, D. D. (1999). Human resources management: Some new directions. Journal of Management, 25, 385-415.
25.
Fletcher, B. C., & Jones, F. (1993). A refutation of Karasek’s demand-discretion model of occupational stress with a range of dependent measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 319-330.
26.
Fox, M. L., Dwyer, D. J., & Ganster, D. C. (1993). Effects of stressful job demand sand control on physiological and attitudinal outcomes in a hospital setting. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 289-318.
27.
Frazee, V. (1997). Welcome to your repatriates home. Workforce, 76, 24-28.
28.
Ganster, D. C., & Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 235-280). New York: John Wiley.
29.
Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work stress and employee health. Journal of Management, 17, 235-271.
30.
Gouldner, A. W. (1954). Patterns of industrial bureaucracy. New York: Free Press.
31.
Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (2001). Retaining valued employees. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
33.
Hambrick, D. C., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. (1993). Top executive commitment to the status quo: Some tests of its determinants. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 401-418.
34.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources—A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
35.
Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy, J. (1993). A general stress theory applied to burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent development in theory (pp. 115-129). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
36.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37.
Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890-909.
38.
Hom, P. W., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001). Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 975-987.
39.
Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1039-1050.
40.
Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 837-855.
41.
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain—Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
42.
Karasek, R. A. (1990). Lower health risk with increased job control among white-collar workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 171-185.
43.
Kerr, J. L., & Kren, L. (1992). Effect of relative decision monitoring on chief executive compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 370-397.
44.
Kopelman, R. E., Rovenpor, J. L., & Millsap, R. E. (1992). Rationale and construct-validity evidence for the job search behavior index—Because intentions (and New Year’s resolutions) often come to naught. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40, 269-287.
45.
Lazarus, R. S. (1981). The stress and coping paradigm. In C. Eisdorfer, D. Cohen, A. Kleinman, & P. Maxim (Eds.), Models for clinical psychopathology (pp. 177-214). New York: Spectrum.
46.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
47.
Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Wise, L., & Fireman, S. (1996). An unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 5-36.
48.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.1297-1350). Chicago: Rand McNally.
49.
March, J., & Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
50.
Matteson, M. T., & Ivancevich, J. M. (1987). Controlling work stress: Effective human resource and management strategies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
51.
McCall, M. W., & Hollenbeck, G. P. (2002). Developing global executives: The lessons of international experience. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
52.
McCall, M. W., Lombardo, M. M., & Morrison, A. M. (1988). The lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
53.
McCauley, C. D., Cavanaugh, M. A., & Noe, R. A. (1996, April). Does challenge mediate the relationship between job demands and development? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
54.
McCauley, C. D., Ohlott, P. J., & Ruderman, M. N. (1989). On-the-job development: A conceptual model and preliminary investigation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 1, 142-158.
55.
McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Morrow, J. E. (1994). Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 544-560.
56.
Mckenna, J. F., Oritt, P. L., & Wolff, H. K. (1981). Occupational stress as a predictor in the turnover decision. Journal of Human Stress, 7, 12-17.
57.
Medsker, G. J., Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P. J. (1994). A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research. Journal of Management, 20, 439-464.
58.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2001). How to keep your best employees: Developing an effective retention policy. Academy of Management Executive, 15, 96-104.
59.
Moxley, R. S. (1998). Hardships. In C. D. McCauley, R. S. Moxley, & E. Van Velsor (Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 194-214). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
60.
Moxley, R. S., & Pulley, M. L. (2004). Hardships. In C. D. McCauley & E. Van Velsor (Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 183-203). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
61.
Ohlott, P. J. (1998). Job assignments. In C. D. McCauley, R. S. Moxley, & E. Van Velsor (Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 127-159). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
62.
Ohlott, P. J., McCauley, C. D., & Ruderman, M. N. (1993). Developmental challenge profile: Learning from job experiences—Manual and trainer’s guide. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
63.
Ohlott, P. J., Ruderman, M. N., & McCauley, C. D. (1994). Gender differences in managers’ developmental job experiences. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 46-67.
64.
Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & McCauley, C. D. (1990). Assessing opportunities for leadership development. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 547-562). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.
65.
Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1999). Effects of individual differences and job search behaviors on the employment status of recent university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 335-349.
66.
Schaubroeck, J., Ganster, D. C., & Fox, M. L. (1992). Dispositional affect and work-related stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 322-335.
67.
Scheck, C. L., Kinicki, A. J., & Davy, J. A. (1995). A longitudinal study of a multivariate model of the stress process using structural equations modeling. Human Relations, 48, 1481-1510.
68.
Selye, H. (1982). History and present status of the stress concept. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress (pp. 7-17). New York: Free Press.
69.
Snell, R. S. (1988). The emotional cost of managerial learning at work. Managerial Education and Development, 19, 322-340.
70.
Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The changing nature of careers: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25, 457-484.
71.
Theorell, T., Karasek, R. A., Johnson, J., Hall, E., Stewart, W., & Alfredsson, L. (1992). Medical correlates of poor work content. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 598-598.
72.
Tung, R. L. (1982). Selection and training procedures of US, European and Japanese multinationals. California Management Review, 25, 57-71.
73.
Tung, R. L. (1988). The new expatriates: Managing human resources abroad. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
74.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458.
75.
U.S. Census Bureau. (1998). Current population survey, annual demographic survey, March supplement (detailed person income). Washington, DC: Author.
76.
Valerio, A. M. (1990). A study of the developmental experiences of managers. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 521-534). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.
77.
Van Velsor, E. (1998). Enhancing the ability to learn from experience. In C. D. McCauley, R. S. Moxley, & E. Van Velsor (Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 242-261). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78.
Van Yperen, N. W., & Janssen, O. (2002). Fatigued and dissatisfied or fatigued but satisfied? Goal orientations and responses to high job demands. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1161-1171.
79.
Wanberg, C. R., Watt, J. D., & Rumsey, D. J. (1996). Individuals without jobs: An empirical study of job-seeking behavior and reemployment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 76-87.
80.
War, P. (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental-health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 193-210.
81.
Xie, J. L. (1996). Karasek’s model in the People’s Republic of China: Effects of job demands, control, and individual differences. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1594-1618.
82.
Xie, J. L., & Johns, G. (1995). Job scope and stress—Can job scope be too high?Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1288-1309.
