Fungal non-pollen palynomorphs (fNPPs) are microscopic structures occurring in various sediments. In paleoecological studies, they can serve as reliable indicators of vegetation types, grazing activities, and human impact, enriching the interpretation of fossil data. This study explores the composition and taxonomic richness of fNPPs in 85 moss samples from a European lowland forest. We found rich fungal diversity, with 95 morphological types, predominantly saprotrophs, favoring specific substrates, like wood, decaying bark, herbaceous plant remains, litter, and freshwater habitats. Key taxa, such as type HdV-96A, and cf. Hypoxylon (EMA-24), were prevalent across different forest types, especially in deciduous forests. We identified two primary gradients of fNPP composition. The first axis delineated samples by taxonomic richness, Shannon index, and canopy openness, showing similarities among deciduous forests. The second axis ordered samples by the proportion of fNPPs, volume of stumps, coarse woody debris, and herbs pollen richness, highlighting their connections. Forest management intensity had minimal influence on fNPP composition, indicating consistent composition along both ordination axes. Forest type and herbs pollen richness, significantly affected the taxonomic richness and Shannon diversity of fNPPs. Deciduous forests exhibited higher fNPP richness, compared to coniferous forests, linked to increased herbs pollen richness. However, fNPPs decreased with increasing volume of stumps, coarse woody debris, and canopy openness, demonstrating the complexities of forest management’s influence on fungal diversity. This study pioneers fNPP investigation in an old-growth temperate forest ecosystem, emphasizing the interplay of forest characteristics, herbs diversity, and dead wood components in shaping their composition and richness. It also reveals differences in fNPP assemblages between deciduous and coniferous forests, underscoring the importance of forest type in shaping fungal diversity. These findings highlight the need for detailed studies on microhabitats, dead wood decomposition rates, and specific forest impacts to comprehensively understand forest ecosystem dynamics.
AbrahamVKunešPVildO, et al. (2022) Spatial scaling of pollen-plant diversity relationship in landscapes with contrasting diversity patterns. Scientific Reports12: 17937.
2.
AldayJGMartínezdeAragónJDe-MiguelS, et al. (2017) Mushroom biomass and diversity are driven by different spatio-temporal scales along mediterranean elevation gradients. Scientific Reports7(1): 45824.
3.
AlexanderHDMackMC (2017) Gap regeneration within mature deciduous forests of interior Alaska: Implications for future forest change. Forest Ecology and Management396: 35–43.
4.
AndrewCHeegaardEHalvorsenR, et al. (2016) Climate impacts on fungal community and trait dynamics. Fungal Ecology22: 17–25.
5.
AptrootAvan GeelB (2006) Fungi of the colon of the Yukagir Mammoth and from stratigraphically related permafrost samples. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology141: 225–230.
6.
BaderPJanssonSJonssonBG (1995) Wood-inhabiting fungi and substratum decline in selectively logged boreal spruce forests. Biological Conservation72(3): 355–362.
7.
BakerAGBhagwatSAWillisKJ (2013) Do dung fungal spores make a good proxy for past distribution of large herbivores?Quaternary Science Reviews62: 21–31.
8.
BakerAGZimnyMKeczyńskiA, et al. (2016) Pollen productivity estimates from old-growth forest strongly differ from those obtained in cultural landscapes: Evidence from the Białowieża National Park, Poland. Holocene26(1): 80–92.
BlackfordJJInnesJB (2006) Linking current environments and processes to fungal spore assemblages: Surface NPM data from woodland environments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology141: 179–187.
11.
BochSPratiDMüllerJ, et al. (2013) High plant species richness indicates management-related disturbances rather than the conservation status of forests. Basic and Applied Ecology14(6): 496–505.
12.
BoczońASałachewiczA (2022) Warunki klimatyczne Puszczy Białowieskiej. In: StereńczakK (ed.) Aktualny Stan Puszczy Białowieskiej Na Podstawie Wyników Projektu Life+ ForBioSensing. Sękocin Stary: Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa, pp.19–35.
13.
BöhlJBrändliUB (2007) Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: Methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research126: 449–457.
14.
BosJAAvan GeelBGroenewoudtBJ, et al. (2006) Early holocene environmental change, the presence and disappearance of early Mesolithic habitation near zutphen (The Netherlands). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany15: 27–43.
ChambersFvan GeelBvan der LindenM (2011) Considerations for the preparation of peat samples for palynology, and for the counting of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs. Mires and Peat7(11): 1–14.
17.
ChaudharyABurivalovaZKohLP, et al. (2016) Impact of forest management on species richness: Global meta-analysis and economic trade-offs. Scientific Reports6: 23954.
18.
Court-PiconMButtlerAde BeaulieuJ-L (2005) Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the Champsaur valley (French alps) and their potential in the interpretation of fossil pollen records of past cultural landscapes. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology135: 13–39.
19.
CugnyCMazierFGalopD (2010) Modern and fossil non-pollen palynomorphs from the Basque mountains (western Pyrenees, France): The use of coprophilous fungi to reconstruct pastoral activity. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany19(5–6): 391–408.
20.
DietreBGauthier and GilletF (2012) Modern pollen rain and fungal spore assemblages from pasture woodlands around Lake Saint-Point (France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology186: 69–89.
21.
DoyenEEtienneD (2017) Ecological and human land-use indicator value of fungal spore morphotypes and assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany26: 357–367.
22.
EjarqueAMirasYRieraS (2011) Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph indicators of vegetation and highland grazing activities obtained from modern surface and dung datasets in the eastern Pyrenees. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology167: 123–139.
23.
EllisMBEllisJP (1997) Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook. Slough: The Richmond Publishing Company Ltd.
24.
EnevoldRRasmussenPLøvschalM, et al. (2019) Circumstantial evidence of non-pollen palynomorph palaeoecology: A 5,500 year NPP record from forest hollow sediments compared to pollen and macrofossil inferred palaeoenvironments. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany28: 105–121.
25.
FaegriKIversenJ (1989) Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
26.
FalińskiJB (1986) Vegetation Dynamics in Temperate Lowland Primeval Forest. Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers (Geobotany 8).
27.
FukasawaY (2021) Ecological impacts of fungal wood decay types: A review of current knowledge and future research directions. Ecological Research36(6): 910–931.
28.
General Directorate of Environmental Protection (2024) Central Register of Nature Protection Forms. Available at: https://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/CRFOP/ (accessed 9 January 2024).
29.
GierczykBŚlusarczykTSzczepkowskiA, et al. (2018) 23rd Exhibition of fungi of the Białowieża Forest. Materials to the knowledge of mycobiota of the Białowieża Primeval Forest. Przegląd Przyrodniczy29: 9–57.
30.
GrafMTChmuraGL (2006) Development of modern analogues for natural, mowed and grazed grasslands using pollen assemblages and coprophilous fungi. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology141: 139–149.
31.
GuitetSPithonSBrunauxO, et al. (2012) Impacts of logging on the canopy and the consequences for forest management in French Guiana. Forest Ecology and Management277: 124–131.
32.
GutowskiJJaroszewiczB (2004) Białowieża primeval forest as a refuge of the European entomofauna. Wiadomości Entomologiczne23: 67–87.
33.
GutowskiJMBobiecACiachM, et al. (eds) (2022) The Afterlife of a Tree, 2nd edn.Warsaw: WWF Poland.
34.
HarmonMFranklinJSwansonF, et al. (1986) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research15: 133–302.
HayovaV (2011) New for Ukraine records of fungi (Ascomycota) from the Gorgany nature reserve. Ukrainian Botanical Journal68(6): 865–973.
37.
HermyMHonnayOFirbankL, et al. (1999) An ecological comparison between ancient and other forest plant species of Europe, and the implications for forest conservation. Biological Conservation91(1): 9–22.
38.
HesmerH (1929) Mikrofossilien in Torfen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift11: 245–257.
39.
HicksSAmmannBLatałowaM, et al. (1996) European Pollen Monitoring Programme. Project Description and Guidelines. Oulu: Oulu University Press.
40.
HicksSBirksHJB (1996) Numerical analysis of modern and fossil pollen spectra as a tool for elucidating the nature of fine-scale human activities in boreal areas. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany5: 257–272.
41.
HicksSTinsleyHPardoeH, et al. (1999) European Pollen Monitoring Programme. Supplement to the Guidelines. Oulu: University of Oulu.
42.
JansaJErbAOberholzerH-R, et al. (2014) Soil and geography are more important determinants of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities than management practices in Swiss agricultural soils. Molecular Ecology23: 2118–2135.
43.
JaroszewiczBCholewińskaOChećkoE, et al. (2021) Predictors of diversity of deadwood-dwelling macrofungi in a European natural forest. Forest Ecology and Management490: 119123.
44.
JaroszewiczBCholewińskaOGutowskiJM, et al. (2019) Białowieża forest—A relic of the high naturalness of European forests. Forests10: 849.
45.
KarhuKAuffretMDDungaitJA, et al. (2014) Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response. Nature513(7516): 81–84.
46.
KottekMGrieserJBeckC, et al. (2006) World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift15(3): 259–263.
47.
KotzeDSetäläH (2022) Urbanisation differently affects decomposition rates of recalcitrant woody material and labile leaf litter. Urban Ecosystems25: 65–74.
48.
KujawaAOrczewskaAFalkowskiM, et al. (2016) The Białowieża Forest – A UNESCO Natural heritage Site – Protection priorities. Leśne Prace Badawcze77: 302–323.
49.
LatałowaMZimnyMJędrzejewskaB, et al. (2015) Chapter 17. Białowieża Primeval Forest: A 2000-year interplay of environmental and cultural forces in Europe’s best preserved temperate woodland. In: KirbyKJWatkinsC (eds) Europe’s Changing Woods and Forests: From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes. Wallingford: CAB International, pp.243–264.
50.
LatałowaMZimnyMPędziszewskaA, et al. (2016) Postglacial history of Białowieża Forest – Vegetation, climate and human activity. National Parks and Nature Reserves35(1): 3–49.
LeverkusABGustafssonLLindenmayerDB, et al. (2020) Salvage logging effects on regulating ecosystem services and fuel loads. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment18(7): 391–400.
53.
LisitsynaOVHicksS (2014) Estimation of pollen deposition timespan in moss polsters with the aid of annual pollen accumulation values from pollen traps. Grana53(3): 232–248.
54.
López-VilaJMontoyaECañellas-BoltàN, et al. (2014) Modern non-pollen palynomorphs sedimentation along an elevational gradient in the south-central Pyrenees (southwestern Europe) as a tool for holocene paleoecological reconstruction. Holocene24(3): 327–345.
55.
LoughlinNJDGoslingWDMontoyaE (2018) Identifying environmental drivers of fungal non-pollen palynomorphs in the montane forest of the eastern Andean flank, Ecuador. Quaternary Research89(1): 119–133.
MagyarDVassMLiDW (2016) Dispersal strategies of microfungi. In: LiD (ed.) Biology of Microfungi. Cham: Springer, pp.315–371.
58.
MartinMPailletYLarrieuL, et al. (2022) Tree-related microhabitats are promising yet underused tools for biodiversity and nature conservation: A systematic review for international perspectives. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change5: 818474.
59.
MazierFGalopDBrunC, et al. (2006) Modern pollen assemblages from grazedvegetation in the western Pyrenees, france: A numerical tool for more precise reconstruction of past cultural landscapes. Holocene16(1): 91–103.
60.
MazierFGalopDGaillardM-J, et al. (2009) Multidisciplinary approach to reconstructing local pastoral activities: An example from the Pyrenean Mountains (Pays Basque). Holocene19: 171–188.
61.
MiolaA (2012) Tools for non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) analysis: A list of quaternary NPP types and reference literature in English language (1972–2011). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology186: 142–161.
62.
MontoyaERullVvan GeelB (2010) Non-pollen palynomorphs from surface sediments along an altitudinal transect of the Venezuelan Andes. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology297: 169–183.
63.
MulderCBreureAJoostenJ (2003) Fungal functional diversity inferred along Ellenberg’s abiotic gradients: Palynological evidence from different soil microbiota. Grana42: 55–64.
64.
MulderCJanssenC (1999) Occurrence of pollen and spore in relation to present-day vegetation in a Dutch heathland area. Journal of Vegetation Science10: 87–100.
65.
NiemeläTRenvallPPenttiläR (1995) Interactions of fungi at late stages of wood decomposition. Annales Botanici Fennici32(3): 141–152.
66.
NordénBRybergMGötmarkF, et al. (2004) Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests. Biological Conservation117(1): 1–10.
67.
Nuñez OtañoNBBianchinottiMVSaparratMCN (2021) Palaeomycology: A modern mycological view of fungal palynomorphs. Geological Society London Special Publications511: 91–120.
68.
O'KeefeJMKMarretFOsterloffP, et al. (2021) Why a new volume on non-pollen palynomorphs?Geological Society London Special Publications511: 1–11.
OtsingEBarantalSAnslanS, et al. (2018) Litter species richness and composition effects on fungal richness and community structure in decomposing foliar and root litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry125: 328–339.
71.
PardoeHSGieseckeTvan der KnaapWO, et al. (2010) Comparing pollen spectra from modified Tauber traps and moss samples: Examples from a selection of woodlands across Europe. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany19(4): 271–283.
72.
PragerABarthelmesATheuerkaufM, et al. (2006) Non-pollen palynomorphs from modern Alder carrs and their potential for interpreting microfossil data from peat. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology141: 7–31.
73.
PragerATheuerkaufMCouwenbergJ, et al. (2012) Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs as tools for identifying alder carr deposits: A surface sample study from NE-Germany. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology186: 38–57.
74.
PrzepióraFCiachM (2022) Tree microhabitats in natural temperate riparian forests: An ultra-rich biological complex in a globally vanishing habitat. Science of the Total Environment803: 149881.
75.
QuamarMFBeraSK (2017) Do the common natural pollen trapping media behave similarly? A comparative study of modern palynoassemblages from Chhattisgarh, central India. Quaternary International444: 217–226.
76.
QuamarMFStivrinsN (2021) Modern pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs along an altitudinal transect in Jammu and Kashmir (Western Himalaya), India. Palynology45(4): 669–684.
77.
RäsänenSHicksSOdgaardBV (2004) Pollen deposition in mosses and in a modified ‘Tauber trap’ from Hailuoto, Finland: what exactly do the mosses record?Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology129: 103–116.
78.
RawlikKKasprowiczMNowińskiM, et al. (2022) The afterlife of herbaceous plant species: A litter decomposition experiment in a temperate oak-hornbeam forest. Forest Ecology and Management507: 120008.
79.
RawlikKNowińskiMJagodzińskiAM (2021) Short life–fast death: Decomposition rates of woody plants leaf- and herb-litter. Annals of Forest Science78: 6.
80.
R Core Team (2023) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: https://www.r-project.org/ (accessed 12 October 2023).
81.
RedondoMABerlinABobergJ, et al. (2020) Vegetation type determines spore deposition within a forest-agricultural mosaic landscape. FEMS Microbiology Ecology96(6): fiaa082.
82.
RottstockTJoshiJKummerV, et al. (2014) Higher plant diversity promotes higher diversity of fungal pathogens, while it decreases pathogen infection per plant. Ecology95(7): 1907–1917.
83.
RudolphK (1917) Untersuchungen über den Aufbau Böhmischer Moore. I. Aufbau und Entwicklungsgeschichte südböhmischer Hochmoore. Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft.
84.
RussellESLiuHThistleH, et al. (2018) Effects of thinning a forest stand on sub-canopy turbulence. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology248: 295–305.
85.
SabatiniFMBurrascanoSKeetonWS, et al. (2018) Where are Europe’s last primary forests?Diversity and Distributions24(10): 1426–1439.
86.
SamojlikT (2010) Traditional utilisation of Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland) in the 15th to 18th centuries. Landscape Archaeology and Ecology8: 150–164.
87.
SamojlikTRotherhamIDJędrzejewskaB (2013) Quantifying historic human impacts on forest environments: A case study in Białowieża Forest, Poland. Environmental History18(3): 576–602.
88.
SchappeTAlbornozFETurnerBL, et al. (2017) The role of soil chemistry and plant neighbourhoods in structuring fungal communities in three Panamanian rainforests. Journal of Ecology105: 569–579.
89.
ShumilovskikhLSAbdulmanovaIFEfimikEG (2021a) Does season matter for moss surface sample collection? A case study from Kungur forest-steppe, pre-Urals, Russia. Palynology45: 191–199.
90.
ShumilovskikhLSO'KeefeJMKMarretF (2021b) An overview of the taxonomic groups of NPPs. In: MarretFO’KeefeJOsterloffP (eds) Applications of Non-pollen Palynomorphs From Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions to Biostratigraphy, vol. 511. London: Special Publications, pp.13–61.
91.
ShumilovskikhLSShumilovskikhESSchlützF, et al. (2022) NPP-ID: Non-pollen palynomorph image database as a research and educational platform. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany31: 323–328.
92.
ShumilovskikhLSvan GeelB (2020) Non-pollen palynomorphs. In: HenryAG (ed.) Handbook for the Analysis of Micro-Particles in Archaeological Samples. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp.65–94.
93.
SmolkoPVeselovskáAKropilR (2018) Seasonal dynamics of forage for red deer in temperate forests: Importance of the habitat properties, stand development stage and overstorey dynamics. Wildlife Biology2018(1): 1–10.
94.
SneldersNCRovenichHThommaBPHJ (2022) Microbiota manipulation through the secretion of effector proteins is fundamental to the wealth of lifestyles in the fungal kingdom. FEMS Microbiology Reviews46(5): fuac022.
95.
SohnJMcElhinnyCGroveS, et al. (2013) A simplified inventory approach for estimating carbon in coarse woody debris in high-biomass forests. Papers and proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania147: 15–24.
96.
SokołowskiAW (2004) Lasy Puszczy Białowieskiej. Warszawa: Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych.
97.
StefanowiczAMKapustaPStanekM, et al. (2023) Herbaceous plant species and their combinations positively affect soil microorganisms and processes and modify soil physicochemical properties in a mesocosm experiment. Forest Ecology and Management532: 120826.
98.
StoklandJNSiitonenJJonssonBG (2012) Biodiversity in Dead Wood. Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
99.
SzwagrzykJ (2016) Białowieża Forest: what it used to be, what it is now and what we want it to be in the future. Forest Research Papers77(4): 291–295.
100.
TeissierduCrosRLopezS (2009) Preliminary study on the assessment of deadwood volume by the French national forest inventory. Annals of Forest Science66: 302–302.
101.
ThornSBässlerCBrandlR, et al. (2018) Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology55: 279–289.
102.
TomaoAAntonio BonetJCastañoC, et al. (2020) How does forest management affect fungal diversity and community composition? Current knowledge and future perspectives for the conservation of forest fungi. Forest Ecology and Management457: 117678.
103.
TomiałojćL (2001) Classis (gromada): Aves – Ptaki. In: GutowskiJMJaroszewiczB (eds) Catalogue of the Fauna of Białowieża Primeval Forest. Warszawa: Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa, pp.315–325.
104.
van GeelB (1976) A Palaeoecological Study of Holocene Peat Bog Sections, Based on the Analysis of Pollen, Spores and Macro and Microscopic Remains of Fungi, Algae, Cormophytes and Animals. Academischproefschrift, Hugo de Vries Laboratorium. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.
105.
Van GeelB (1978) A palaeoecological study of holocene peat bog sections in Germany and the Netherlands, based on the analysis of pollen, spores and macro- and microscopic remains of fungi, algae, cormophytes and animals. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology25: 1–120.
106.
van GeelBBosJPalsJ (1983a) Archaeological and palaeoecological aspects of a medieval house terp in a reclaimed raised bog area in North Holland. Berichten van de Rijksdienstvoor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. Jaargang33: 417–444.
107.
van GeelBHallewasDPPalsJP (1983b) A late holocene deposit under the Westfriese Zeedijk near Enkhuizen (Prov. Of Noord-Holland, the Netherlands): Palaeoecological and archaeological aspects. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology38: 269–335.
108.
van GeelB (1986) Application of fungal and algal remains and other microfossils in palynological analyses. In: BerglundBE (ed.) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. Chichester: Wiley, pp.497–505.
109.
van GeelB (2001) Non-Pollen palynomorphs. In: SmolJPBirksHJBLastWM (eds) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.99–119.
110.
van GeelBAptrootA (2006) Fossil ascomycetes in quaternary deposits. Nova Hedwigia82(3–4): 313–329.
111.
van GeelBMiddeldorpAA (1988) Vegetational history of Carbury Bog (Co. Kildare, ireland) during the last 850 years and a test of the temperature indicator value of 2H/1H measurements of peat samples in relation to historical sources and meteorological data. New Phytologist109: 377–392.
112.
van GeelBVan der HammenT (1978) Zygnemataceae in quaternary Columbian sediments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology25: 377–391.
113.
VermoereMVanheckeLWaelkensM, et al. (2000) A comparison between modern pollen spectra of moss cushions and Cundill pollen traps. Implications for the interpretation of fossil pollen data from Southwest Turkey. Grana39: 146–158.
114.
VoříškováJBaldrianP (2013) Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. ISME Journal7: 477–486.
115.
WillmsJBartuszevigeASchwilkDW, et al. (2017) The effects of thinning and burning on understory vegetation in North America: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management392: 184–194.
116.
YamadaTPedrinoECSoaresJJ, et al. (2017) Assessing the canopy integrity using canopy digital images in semideciduous forest fragment in São Carlos - Sp- brazil1. Revista Árvore41(5): e410505.
117.
YangSLimpensJSterckFJ, et al. (2021) Dead wood diversity promotes fungal diversity. Oikos130: 2202–2216.
118.
YeloffDCharmanDvan GeelB, et al. (2007) Reconstruction of hydrology, vegetation and past climate change in bogs using fungal microfossils. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology146: 102–145.
119.
ZimnyM (2024) New fungal non-pollen palynomorphs from moss polsters collected from the Białowieża Forest (NE Poland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology321: 105034.
120.
ZimnyMLatałowaMPędziszewskaA (2017) The late-Holocene history of forests in the strict reserve of Białowieża National Park. In: KeczyńskiA (ed.) The Forests of the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park. Białowieża: Białowieski Park Narodowy, pp.29–59.
121.
ZubekSRolaKRożekK, et al. (2022) Experimental assessment of forest floor geophyte and hemicryptophyte impact on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities. Plant and Soil480: 651–673.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
