Laser shock peening (LSP) is an advanced surface modification technology and is widely used for the fatigue strengthening of metallic materials. In this study, the effects of LSP on the surface structure, microhardness, residual stress, and fatigue properties of 34CrNiMo6 were experimentally investigated. The axial fatigue tests of were carried out and the S–N curves were fitted to evaluate the fatigue strength of 34CrNiMo6 specimens before and after LSP. The fatigue fractures were characterized. The results indicated that the high-cycle fatigue strength at 106 cycles increased from 417 MPa to 448 MPa after LSP treatment. The CRS formed on the surface layer of the specimen and its beneficial effect on delaying crack initiation, narrowing the fatigue striation width, reducing the crack growth rate, and enhancing the fracture toughness were the main mechanisms for improving the fatigue performance. The present study provides a reference for improving the fatigue performance of 34CrNiMo6 steel via LSP.
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