Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

In order to improve the interfacial adhesion of stainless-steel mesh reinforced poly(ether-ether-ketone) (SSM/PEEK) heating elements (HEs) used in the resistance welding process for continuous carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites (CF/PEEK composites), three kinds of surface treatments, sandblasting, aryl diazonium grafting and silane grafting, were adopted on SSM surfaces. The functional groups were grafted successfully according to the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) results and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) results, and the surface morphologies of SSM changed significantly after different treatments. Although the tensile performances of sandblasted stainless-steel (SS) wire and sandblasted SSM were distinctly reduced, the lap shear strength (LSS) of joints with sandblasted SSM still slightly improved. Besides, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) increased from 28 MPa for untreated SSM to 34 MPa for diazonium grafted SSM and 38 MPa for silane grafted SSM. Furthermore, the LSS results were in agreement with this trend, representing a 9% improvement for joints with diazonium grafted SSM and a 23% improvement for joints with silane grafted SSM compared with untreated CF/PEEK joints. After comparison, silane grafting was the most suitable surface modification for resistance-welded CF/PEEK joints. The interfacial bonding mechanism of CF/PEEK joints with silane grafted SSM was compared with that of untreated CF/PEEK joints, suggesting that the mechanical interlocking contributed to improved interfacial bonding.

Keywords

Resistance welding surface treatments joining thermoplastic composites interface

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Huang

Meng

Xie

, et al. Joining of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic and metal via friction stir welding with co-controlling shape and performance. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2018; 112: 328–336.

Koutras

Amirdine

Boyard

, et al. Characterisation of crystallinity at the interface of ultrasonically welded carbon fibre PPS joints. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2019; 125: 105574.

Schambron

Lowe

Mcgregor

H V

. Effects of environmental ageing on the static and cyclic bending properties of braided carbon fibre/PEEK bone plates. Compos Part B Eng 2008; 39(7–8): 1216–1220.

Denault

Dumouchel

. Consolidation process of PEEK/carbon composite for aerospace applications. Adv Perform Mater 1998; 5(1–2):83–96.

Ageorges

Hou

. Advances in fusion bonding techniques for joining thermoplastic matrix composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2001; 32(6): 839–857.

Hou

Mai

. An experimental study of resistance welding of carbon fibre fabric reinforced polyetherimide (CF Fabric/PEI) composite material. Appl Compos Mater 1999; 6(1): 35–49.

Grimm

. Welding processes for plastics. Adv Mater Process 1995; 147: 27–30.

Choudhury

Debnath

. A review of the research and advances in electromagnetic joining of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Polym Eng Sci 2019; 59(10): 1965–1985.

Stavrov

Bersee

HEN

. Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites—an overview. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2005; 36: 39–54.

10.

Dubé

Hubert

Yousefpour

, et al. Current leakage prevention in resistance welding of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics. Compos Sci Technol 2008; 68(6): 1579–1587.

11.

Dubé

Hubert

Gallet

J N

, et al. Metal mesh heating element size effect in resistance welding of thermoplastic composites. J Compos Mater 2012; 46(8): 911–919.

12.

Villegas

Moser

Yousefpour

, et al. Process and performance evaluation of ultrasonic, induction and resistance welding of advanced thermoplastic composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2013; 26: 1007–1024.

13.

Chen

Wang

Zhao

. Enhanced interfacial interactions of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites by regulating PEI and graphene oxide complex sizing at the interface. Compos Sci Technol 2018; 154: 175–186.

14.

Zhao

Wang

. Interfacial crystallization behavior of poly(ether-etherketone) on polyimide-modified CCF300 carbon fibers. Polym Compos 2020; 41: 2433–2445.

15.

Dubé

Hubert

Yousefpour

, et al. Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites skin/stringer joints. Compos Appl Sci Manuf 2007; 38(12): 2541–2552.

16.

Dubé

Hubert

Gallet

JNAH

, et al. Fatigue performance characterisation of resistance-welded thermoplastic composites. Compos Sci Technol 2008; 68(7–8): 1759–1765.

17.

De Souza

SDB

Abrahao

Costa

, et al. Experimental investigation of processing welding parameters for PPS/carbon fiber laminates for aeronautical applications. Adv Mater Res 2016; 1135: 62–74.

18.

Rohart

Lebel

Dubé

. Improved adhesion between stainless steel heating element and PPS polymer in resistance welding of thermoplastic composites. Compos Part B Eng 2020; 188: 107876.

19.

Multigner

Frutos

Gonzalez-Carrasco

, et al. Influence of the sandblasting on the subsurface microstructure of 316LVM stainless steel: implications on the magnetic and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng C 2009; 29(4): 1357–1360.

20.

Labriaga

So-Yeon

Park

, et al. Effect of non-thermal plasma on the shear bond strength of resin cements to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). J Adv Prosthodont 2018; 10: 408–414.

21.

Shimizu

Malmos

Spiegelhauer

, et al. Durability of PEEK adhesive to stainless steel modified with aryldiazonium salts. Int J Adhes Adhes 2014; 51: 1–12.

22.

Pinson

Podvorica

. Attachment of organic layers to conductive or semiconductive surfaces by reduction of diazonium salts. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34(5): 429–439.

23.

Shokoohi

Arefazar

Khosrokhavar

. Silane coupling agents in polymer-based reinforced composites: a review. J Reinf Plast Compos 2008; 27(5): 473–485.

24.

Liu

Zhao

, et al. Enhanced interfacial strength of carbon fiber/PEEK composites using a facile approach via PEI&ZIF-67 synergistic modification. J Mater Res Technol 2019; 8(6): 6289–6300.

25.

. Interfacial studies on the ozone and air-oxidation-modified carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites. Surf Interface Anal 2009; 41: 310–315.

26.

Chuang

Chu

Whang

. Effect of polyamic acids on interfacial shear strength in carbon fiber/aromatic thermoplastics. J Appl Polym Sci 1990; 41: 373–382.

27.

Pavia

Lampman

Kriz

. Introduction to spectroscopy. Boston, MA: Thomson Learning, 2001.

28.

Wang

Meng

Fan

, et al. Enhanced interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites via aryl diazonium reaction “on water”. Appl Surf Sci 2014; 316: 366–372.

29.

Foerster

Hołowacz

Sunil Kumar

, et al. Stainless steel surface functionalization for immobilization of antibody fragments for cardiovascular applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104(4): 821–832.

30.

Coates

. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. In: Meyers

(ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2000, pp. 10815–10837.

31.

Chang

Akil

Nasir

, et al. Mechanical and antibacterial properties of treated and untreated zinc oxide filled UHMWPE composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2011; 24(5): 653–667.

32.

Hoikkanen

Honkanen

Vippola

, et al. Effect of silane treatment parameters on the silane layer formation and bonding to thermoplastic urethane. Prog Org Coating 2011; 72(4): 716–723.

33.

Zhandarov

Mäder

. Characterization of fiber/matrix interface strength: applicability of different tests, approaches and parameters. Compos Sci Technol 2005; 65: 149–160.

34.

Régnier

Nicodeau

Verdu

, et al. Welding of thermoplastic matrix composites: prediction of macromolecules diffusion at the interface. In: Eighth ESAFORM conference on material forming, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 27–29 April 2005.

35.

Shi

Villegas

Bersee

HEN

. Strength and failure modes in resistance welded thermoplastic composite joints: effect of fibre–matrix adhesion and fibre orientation. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 2013; 55(Complete): 1–10.

36.

Ageorges

Hou

Experimental investigation of the resistance welding of thermoplastic-matrix composites. Part II: optimum processing window and mechanical performance. Compos Sci Technol 2000; 60(8): 1191–1202.

37.

George

Sreekala

Thomas

. A review on interface modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites. Polym Eng Sci 2001; 41: 1471–1485.

38.

De Baere

Jacques

Van Paepegem

, et al. Study of the mode I and mode II interlaminar behaviour of a carbon fabric reinforced thermoplastic. Polym Test 2012; 31: 322–332.

39.

Thornton

. Energy absorption in composite structures. J Compos Mater 1979; 13: 247–262.

40.

Rohart

Lebel

Dubé

. Influence of freeze/thaw cycling on the mechanical performance of resistance-welded carbon fibre/polyphenylene sulphide composite joints. J Reinf Plast Compos 2020; 39(21–22): 837–851.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.43 MB

Enhanced adhesion between PEEK and stainless-steel mesh in resistance welding of CF/PEEK composites by various surface treatments

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material