The viscometric behavior of polyacrylonitrile solutions in dimethylformamide at 25°C has been examined at high dilutions. The reduced viscosity—concentration curves are strongly dependent on the flow conditions, being influenced by the viscometer capillary size. The observed viscosity abnormality in the extremely dilute concentration regime is also due to the adsorption phenomena on the viscometer wall surface and to conformational changes of macromolecules in solution.
Streeter, D.J. and Boyer, R.F. (1954). Viscosities of extremely dilute polystyrene. Solutions . J. Polym. Sci., XIV (73): 5-14.
2.
Öhrn, O.E. (1955). Preliminary Report on the Influence of Adsorption on Capillary Dimensions of Viscometers . J. Polym. Sci., 17: 137-140.
3.
Kawai, T. and Saito, K. (1957). Anomalous Viscosity Behavior of Polymer Solutions at Very Low Concentrations . J. Polym. Sci., 26: 213-226.
4.
Pepper, D.C. and Rutherford, P.P. (1959). The Viscosity Anomaly at Low Concentrations with Polystyrenes of Low Molecular Weight . J. Polym. Sci., 35: 299-301.
5.
Cutler, M. and Kimball, G.E. (1951). Effect of Adsorption on Measurements of Viscosities of Very Dilute Polymer Solutions . J. Polym. Sci., 7: 445-447.
6.
Tuijnman, C.A F. and Hermans, J.J. (1957). Precision Viscometry of Polyvinyl Acetate in Toluene . J. Polym. Sci., XXV: 385-401.
7.
Claeson, S. (1960). Physico-Chemical Measurements of Extremely Dilute Macromolecular Solutions . Makromol. Chem. , 35: 75-93.
8.
van Oene, H. and Cragg, L.C. (1961). Elimination of Absorption Correction in the Viscometry of Dilute Solutions of High Polymers . Nature, 191: 1160-1161.
9.
Horth, A. and Reinfret, M. (1955). A New Critical Volume Effect in High Polymer Solutions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 77: 503.
10.
Gundiah, S. and Kapur, S.L. (1960). Polymer Solutions. IV. Anomalous Viscosity Behavior of Polystyrene and Polymethylacrylate Solutions at High Dilutions . Macromol. Chem., 42: 127-139.
11.
Öhrn, O.E. (1958). Precision Viscometry of Extremely Dilute Solutions of High Polymers . Arkiv för Kemi , 12: 397-436.
12.
Dondos, A. and Benoit, H. (1975). Étude Viscosimétrique du Système Ternaire Polystyrène/Poly(Méthacrylate de Méthyle)/p-Xylène . Macromol. Chem., 176: 3441-3451.
13.
Dondos, A. and Tsitsilianis, C. (1992). Viscometric Study of Extremely Dilute Macromolecular Solutions: Critical Concentration c** and the Huggins Constant . Polymer Int., 28: 151-156.
14.
Dondos, A. and Papanagopoulos , D. (1993). The Intrinsic Viscosity of Polymers in the Region of Extremely Dilute Solutions: Detection of the Conformational Transitions of Polymers . Macromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 14: 7-11.
15.
Papanagopoulos, D. and Dondos, A. (1994). Viscometric Study of Extremely Dilute Solutions of Two Polymers with Different Molecular Weights . Macromol. Chem. Phys., 195: 439-448.
16.
Papanagopoulos, D. and Dondos, A. (1995). Difference Between the Dynamic and Static Behaviour of Polymers in Dilute Solutions: 2 . The Critical Concentration c. Polymer, 36: 369-372.
17.
Papanagopoulos, D. , Pierre, E. and Dondos, A. (1998). Influence of the Shear Rate, of the Molecular Architecture and of the Molecular Mass on the Critical Overlapping Concentration c . Polymer, 39: 2195- 2199.
18.
Gosa, K.L. , Uricano, V. , Pierri, E. , Papanagopoulos, D. and Dondos, A. (2000). Study of the Critical Concentration c** in Dynamic and Static State . Macromol. Chem. Phys., 201: 621-626.
19.
Gosa, K.L. , Papanagopoulos, D. and Dondos, A. (2003). Study of the Conformational Transition of Polystyrene-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Block Copolymers with Temperature Using Measurements of the c** Critical Concentration . Colloid Polym. Sci., 282: 84-87.
20.
Lovell, P.A. (1989). Chap. Dilute Solution Viscometry, in Comprehensive Polymer Science, The Synthesis, Characterization, Reactions & Applications of Polymers, Vol. I, Polymer Characterization, B. Colin , C. Colin Eds, Pergamon Press , 173-197.
21.
Bercea, M. , Morariu, S. , Ioan, C. , Ioan, S. and Simionescu, B.C. (1999). Viscometric Study of Extremely Dilute Polyacrylonitrile Solutions. Eur . Polym. J., 35: 2019-2024.
22.
Graessley, W.W. (1980). Polymer Chain Dimensions and the Dependence of Viscoelastic Properties on Concentration, Molecular Weight and Solvent Power . Polymer, 21: 258-262.
23.
Bercea, M. , Morariu, S. , Ioan, S. and Simionescu, B.C. (1999). Extremely Dilute Polystyrene Solutions. An Empirical Equation for Viscometric Behaviour . Chem. Bull. "Politehnica" Univ. Timisoara, 44: 140- 145.
24.
Hernandez-Fuentes, I. , Prolongo, M.G. , Masegosa, R.M. and Horta, A. (1982). Limits of the Dilute Regime for the Solution Viscosity of PMMA in Good and in Poor Solvents. Eur . Polym. J., 18: 29-35.
25.
Cheng, R. , Shao, Y. , Liu, M. and Qian, R. (1998). Effect of Adsorption on the Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solution. Eur . Polym. J. , 34: 1613-1619.
26.
Bercea, M. , Morariu, S. and Ioan, S. (2000). Viscometric Study of Extremely Dilute Polystyrene Solutions. Synth . Polym. J., 7: 213 -220.
27.
Yang, H. , Zhu, P. , Peng, C. , Ma, S. , Zhu, Q. and Fan, C. (2001). Viscometric Study of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) in NaCl/Water Solutions Ranging from Dilute to Extremely Dilute Concentration. Eur . Polym. J., 37: 1939-1942.
28.
Pan, Y. , Fu, W. , Xue, F. , Luo, Y. , Gu, J. and Cheng, R. (2002). The Viscosity Anomaly of Polymer Solution in Extremely Dilute Concentration Region. Eur . Polym. J., 38: 359-364.
29.
Yang, H. , Yan, Y. , Zho, P. , Li, H. , Zho, Q. and Fan, C. (2005). Studies on the Viscosity Behavior of Polymer Solutions at Low Concentration. Eur . Polym. J., 41: 329-340.
30.
Zu, P.W. (1995). Viscosity Study of Oligomer-Induced Shrinking of Polystyrene Chains in Benzene. Eur . Polym. J. , 31: 659-663.
31.
Cheng, R. , Yang, Y. and Yan, X. (1999). The Wall Effect on Viscosity Measurement of Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Polyethylen Glycol and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) using a Paraffin-coated Capillary Viscometer . Polymer , 40: 3773-3779.
32.
Brostow, W. and Drewniak, M. (1996). Computer Simulations of Chain Conformations in Dilute Polymer Solutions under Shear Flow . J. Chem. Phys., 105: 7135-7139.
33.
Kulicke, W.M. , Kötter, M. and Gräger, H. (1989). Drag Reduction Phenomenon with Special Emphasis on Homogeneous Polymer Solutions . Adv. Polym. Sci., 89: 1-68.
