The aim of study was to determine changes in the balance parameters after balance-coordination program in children with dyslexia.
Methods
Prospectively sixteen children with dyslexia were included. Balance parameters of dyslexic children were compared with healthy children. Dyslexic children were given balance coordination exercises three times a week for six weeks. The static and dynamic balance were tested with the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) and Limits of Stability (LOS) tests and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Scale (PedsQL) was used to assess quality of life.
Results
Postural sway velocities on the firm and foam surfaces with eyes opened and closed conditions of mCTSIB were found to be decreased and movement velocity, endpoint excursion, and maximum excursion in anterior and posterior directions of LOS, social, school and total scores of PedsQL increased in the dyslexia group after the treatment (p < 0,01).
Conclusion
The children with dyslexia have distinct alterations on balance compared to their peers. These alterations, along with their quality of life, have shown to be greatly improved after a exercise program.
A.P. Association. (2004). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed) (DSM-IV-TR). APA.
2.
BadalianL. O.ZhurbaL. T.MastiukovaE. M. (1978). Minimal brain dysfunction in children (neurologic aspect). Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 78(10), 1441–1446. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/716715/
3.
BłaszczykJ. W.FredykA. (2021). Maturation of the postural control in adolescent girls: A 3-year follow-up study. Gait Posture, 83, 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.10.036
ÇetinS.KitisA.KösemF. (2018). Motor performance, functional status and quality of life in children with dyslexia. The European Research Journal, 4(4), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.365934
6.
ChaudhryH.BukietB.JiZ.FindleyT. (2011). Measurement of balance in computer posturography: Comparison of methods—A brief review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 15, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.03.003
7.
DeforcheB. I.HillsA. P.WorringhamC. J.DaviesP. S.MurphyA. J.BouckaertJ. J., et al. (2009). Balance and postural skills in normal-weight and overweight prepubertal boys. Int J Pediatr Obes, 4(3), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160802468470
GeldhofE.CardonG.De BourdeaudhuijI.DanneelsL.CoorevitsP.VanderstraetenG., et al. (2006). Static and dynamic standing balance: Test-retest reliability and reference values in 9 to 10 year old children. Eur J Pediatr, 165(11), 779–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-006-0173-5
12.
Gencer-AtalayK.Karadag-SaygiE.MirzayevaS.GokceI.DagcinarA. (2020). Postural stability in children with high sacral level spina Bifida: Deviations from a control group. J Mot Behav, 52(6), 676–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2019.1676189
GoulèmeN.VilleneuveP.GérardC. L.BucciM. P. (2017). Influence of both cutaneous input from the foot soles and visual information on the control of postural stability in dyslexic children. Gait Posture, 56, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.039
Kenis-CoskunO.GirayE.ErenB.OzkokO.Karadag-SaygiE. (2016). Evaluation of postural stability in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(5), 1398–1402. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.1398
LacourM.Bernard-DemanzeL.DumitrescuM. (2008). Posture control, aging, and attention resources: Models and posture-analysis methods. Neurophysiol Clin, 38(6), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.005
19.
LiaoH. F.MaoP. J.HwangA. W. (2001). Test-retest reliability of balance tests in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 43(3), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162201000342
20.
MemariA. H.GhanouniP.ShayestehfarM.ZiaeeV.MoshayediP. (2014). Effects of visual search vs. Auditory tasks on postural control in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gait & Posture, 39(1), 229–234. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636213003202
21.
Moe-NilssenR.HelbostadJ. L.TalcottJ. B.ToennessenF. E. (2003). Balance and gait in children with dyslexia. Exp Brain Res, 150(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1450-4
22.
NicolsonR. I.FawcettA. J. (2019). Development of dyslexia: The delayed neural commitment framework. Front Behav Neurosci, 13, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00112
QuerciaP.DemougeotL.Dos SantosM.BonnetblancF. (2011). Integration of proprioceptive signals and attentional capacity during postural control are impaired but subject to improvement in dyslexic children. Exp Brain Res, 209(4), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2593-3
26.
RazukM.LukasovaK.BucciM. P.BarelaJ. A. (2020). Dyslexic children need more robust information to resolve conflicting sensory situations. Dyslexia, 26(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1641
27.
RutterM.CaspiA.FergussonD.HorwoodL. J.GoodmanR.MaughanB., et al. (2004). Sex differences in developmental Reading disability: New findings from 4 epidemiological studies. Jama, 291(16), 2007–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.16.2007
28.
StoodleyC. J.TalcottJ. B.CarterE. L.WittonC.SteinJ. F. (2000). Selective deficits of vibrotactile sensitivity in dyslexic readers. Neurosci Lett, 295(1–2), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01574-3
29.
VarniJ. W.SeidM.KurtinP. S. (2001). PedsQL 4.0: Reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care, 39(8), 800–812. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006
30.
VieiraS.QuerciaP.MichelC.PozzoT.BonnetblancF. (2009). Cognitive demands impair postural control in developmental dyslexia: A negative effect that can be compensated. Neuroscience Letters, 462(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.093
