DOX is a water-soluble anti-cancer drug used in cell biology, metabolomics, cancer, and biochemical research. It possesses cytotoxic, antitumor, anticancer, and antineoplastic properties. Amine-functionalized cellulose nanogel-based drug delivery systems offer biocompatibility, biodegradability, hemocompatibility, and the ability to entrap therapeutic agents for controlled release. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Dox-loaded amine-functionalized cellulose nanogel (DAFCNG). The DAFCNG is prepared by using acid hydrolysis, TEMPO oxidation, and amidation, which is formed by EDC/NHS coupling. The studies show that DAFCNG is porous, permeable, and has good colloidal stability. The PBS absorption study reveals that the DAFCNG is pH responsive. The loading efficiency of Dox on AFCNG is 86.7%. The formulation of DAFCNG selectively accumulates on malignant tumor tissues and inhibits tumor growth by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The findings suggest that DAFCNG is a promising material for transdermal drug delivery applications for treating cervical cancer by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
van der MerweMMyburghKGarnisC, et al. Unravelling the role of extracellular vesicles in cervical cancer: mechanisms of progression, resistance, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Gene2025; 957: 149467.
2.
LongMWielsøeMBechBH, et al. Maternal serum dioxin-like activity and gestational age at birth and indices of foetal growth: the Aarhus birth cohort. Sci Total Environ2023; 897: 165286.
3.
DeVitoMJSchecterA.Exposure assessment to dioxins from the use of tampons and diapers. Environ Health Perspect2002; 110: 23–28.
4.
IshiiSKatagiriRKataokaT, et al. Risk assessment study of dioxins in sanitary napkins produced in Japan. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol2014; 70: 357–362.
5.
MatésJMSeguraJAAlonsoFJ, et al. Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med2010; 49: 1328–1341.
6.
ChatterjeeSMishraV.Green chemistry – remedy to societal hygiene: a graphical review. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem2020; 3: 100025.
7.
QinQYangBLiuJ, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone exposure promotes breast cancer aerobic glycolysis: an in vitro and in vivo examination. J Hazard Mater2022; 424: 127512.
8.
JahanshahiMMaleki DanaPBadehnooshB, et al. Anti-tumor activities of probiotics in cervical cancer. J Ovarian Res2020; 13: 1–11.
9.
BourABudde ChristensenTHunkaAD, et al. Implications of circular textile policies for the future regulation of hazardous substances in textiles in the European Union. Sci Total Environ2023; 896: 165153.
10.
AshiqueSUpadhyayAKumarN, et al. Metabolic syndromes responsible for cervical cancer and advancement of nanocarriers for efficient targeted drug delivery a review. Adv Cancer Biol-Metastasis2022; 4: 100041.
11.
BijuA.Period product disposal in India: the tipping point. Lancet Reg Health-Southeast Asia2023; 15: 100214.
12.
SongEHanWLiC, et al. Hyaluronic acid-decorated graphene oxide nanohybrids as nanocarriers for targeted and pH-responsive anticancer drug delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2014; 6: 11882–11890.
13.
WuHShiHWangY, et al. Hyaluronic acid conjugated graphene oxide for targeted drug delivery. Carbon N Y2014; 69: 379–389.
14.
GutmanRLPeacockGLuDR.Targeted drug delivery for brain cancer treatment. J Control Release2000; 65: 31–41.
15.
MangalathillamSRejinoldNSNairA, et al. Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route. Nanoscale2012; 4: 239–250.
16.
CapanemaNSVMansurAAPCarvalhoSM, et al. Bioengineered carboxymethyl cellulose-doxorubicin prodrug hydrogels for topical chemotherapy of melanoma skin cancer. Carbohydr Polym2018; 195: 401–412.
17.
Arockia RajASundaramoorthyS. Synthesis and characterization of amine functionalized cellulose nanogel for transdermal drug delivery. J Bioact Compat Polym2024; 39: 347–371.
18.
MandalBDasDRameshbabuAP, et al. A biodegradable, biocompatible transdermal device derived from carboxymethyl cellulose and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sustained release of diclofenac sodium. RSC Adv2016; 6: 19605–19611.
19.
PriyaPMohan RajRVasanthakumarV, et al. Curcumin-loaded layer-by-layer folic acid and casein coated carboxymethyl cellulose/casein nanogels for treatment of skin cancer. Arab J Chem2020; 13: 694–708.
20.
OhyamaAHigashiTMotoyamaK, et al. In vitro and in vivo tumor-targeting siRNA delivery using folate-PEG-appended dendrimer (G4)/ α-cyclodextrin conjugates. Bioconjug Chem2016; 27: 521–532.
21.
OgboduRONdhundhumaIKarstenA, et al. Photodynamic therapy effect of zinc monoamino phthalocyanine-folic acid conjugate adsorbed on single walled carbon nanotubes on melanoma cells. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomolec Spectr2015; 137: 1120–1125.
22.
JayakumarRNairARejinoldNS, et al. Doxorubicin-loaded pH-responsive chitin nanogels for drug delivery to cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym2012; 87: 2352–2356.
23.
ChenYTezcanOLiD, et al. Overcoming multidrug resistance using folate receptor-targeted and pH-responsive polymeric nanogels containing covalently entrapped doxorubicin. Nanoscale2017; 9: 10404–10419.
24.
VictorelliFDSalvati ManniLBiffiS, et al. Potential of curcumin-loaded cubosomes for topical treatment of cervical cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci2022; 620: 419–430.
25.
PradeepkumarPRajendranNKAlarfajAA, et al. Deep eutectic solvent-mediated FA-g-β-alanine-co-PCL drug carrier for sustainable and site-specific drug delivery. ACS App Bio Mater2018; 1: 2094–2109.
26.
PanjaSNayakSGhoshSK, et al. Self-assembly of a biodegradable branched PE-PCL-b-PEC amphiphilic polymer: synthesis, characterization and targeted delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells. RSC Adv2014; 4: 51766–51775.
27.
ArunrajTRRejinoldNSKumarNA, et al. Doxorubicin-chitin-poly (caprolactone) composite nanogel for drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol2013; 62: 35–43.
28.
PeerDKarpJMHongS, et al. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat Nanotechnol2007; 2: 751–760.
29.
BuiQNLiYJangM-S, et al. Redox- and pH-sensitive polymeric micelles based on poly(β-amino ester)-Grafted disulfide methylene oxide poly(ethylene glycol) for anticancer drug delivery. Macromolecules2015; 48: 4046–4054.
ArunrajTRSanoj RejinoldNAshwin KumarN, et al. Bio-responsive chitin-poly (L-lactic acid) composite nanogels for liver cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces2014; 113: 394–402.
32.
WangJWangHZhaoL, et al. Down-regulation of P-glycoprotein is associated with resistance to cisplatin and VP-16 in human lung cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res2010; 30: 3593–3598.
33.
van AsperenJvan TellingenOTijssenF, et al. Increased accumulation of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in cardiac tissue of mice lacking mdr1a P-glycoprotein. Br J Cancer1999; 79: 108–113.
34.
XueXLiangX-J.Overcoming drug efflux-based multidrug resistance in cancer with nanotechnology. Chin J Cancer2012; 31: 100–109.
