The study in hand quantitatively content analyzes the news frames in the leading Pakistani Urdu language and English language newspapers for 3 years. The study contributes to the theory of framing and the extended parallel process model. English language newspapers in comparison to Urdu language dailies in Pakistan had somewhat responsibly communicated the risk of climate change by covering both the effects of climate change and the climate efficacy.
BaranS. J.DavisD. K. (2012). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment, and future (6th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
2.
BolsenT.ShapiroM. A. (2018). The US news media, polarization on climate change, and pathways to effective communication. Environmental Communication, 12(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1397039
3.
BoykoffM. T.BoykoffJ. M. (2007). Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage. Geoforum, 38(6), 1190–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008
4.
CappellaJ. N.JamiesonK. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. Oxford University Press.
5.
CohenJ. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
FeldmanL.HartP. S.MilosevicT. (2015). Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 26(4), 481–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515595348
8.
GibsonT. A.CraigR. T.HarperA. C.AlpertJ. M. (2016). Covering global warming in dubious times: Environmental reporters in the new media ecosystem. Journalism, 17(4), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914564845
9.
HartP. S. (2011). One or many? The influence of episodic and thematic climate change frames on policy preferences and individual behavior change. Science Communication, 33(1), 28–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547010366400
10.
HartP. S.FeldmanL. (2014). Threat without efficacy? Climate change on U.S. network news. Science Communication, 36(3), 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547013520239
HussainM.IftikharI. (2023). Communicating climate risk effectively? Editorial coverage of climate change in leading Urdu language newspapers from September 2018 to August 2021. Journal of Professional Research in Social Sciences, 10(1), 98–134. https://doi.org/10.58932/mula0007
HussainM.SaleemN.HananM. A.LodhiR. N. (2023). Media, interpersonal communication, personal characteristics and online participation for climate change: Structural equation modelling to determine digital discourse in Pakistan. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-09-2022-0227
16.
HussainM.SaleemN.IshaqN. (2019). Frames for United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015 comparison of elite dawn and popular Jang newspapers evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 3(I), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-i)21
17.
IyengarS. (1996). Framing responsibility for political issues. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296546001006
18.
IyengarS.SimonA. (1993). News coverage of the Gulf crisis and public opinion: The study of agenda-setting, priming, and framing. Communication Research, 20(3), 365–383. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009365093020003002
19.
JinS. S.KaiB.FangC. F.FangX. H.YiL.Huiz. D.FangX.YanL. J.JieH. M.NingW.LuW. (2017). Correlates of condom-use self-efficacy on the EPPM-based integrated model among Chinese college students. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 30(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2017.013
20.
KhuhroR. A.AdnanH. M.KahnM. H.AsgharR. (2020). Diversity of news sources in climate change reporting in Pakistani press. Media Watch, 11(1), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2020/v11i1/49756
MaibachE. W.NisbetM.BaldwinP.AkerlofK.DiaoG. (2010). Reframing climate change as a public health issue: An exploratory study of public reactions. BMC Public Health, 10(1), Article 299. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-299
MemonB.MirbaharM. I.KhuhroR. A. (2021). Print media production perception of university students in Pakistan. Media Education (Mediaobrazovanie), 17(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.13187/me.2021.1.101
25.
MyersT. A.NisbetM. C.MaibachE. W.LeiserowitzA. A. (2012). A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change: A letter. Climatic Change, 113(3–4), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6
26.
OckwellD.WhitmarshL.O’NeillS. (2009). Reorienting climate change communication for effective mitigation: Forcing people to be green or fostering grass-roots engagement?Science Communication, 30(3), 305–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008328969
27.
PahoreM. R.MemonS.KhanQ. (2021). Fall or rise? Mapping the development of traditional and digital newspapers. Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 117–128.
SchäferM.BerglezP.WesslerH.EideE.NerlichB.O’NeillS. (2016). Investigating mediated climate change communication: A best-practice guide. Jonkoping University, School of Education and Communication. http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:961854/FULLTEXT01.pdf
SuY.HuJ. (2021). How did the top two greenhouse gas emitters depict climate change? A comparative analysis of the Chinese and US media. Public Understanding of Science, 30(7), 881–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521990846
33.
VolkmerI.SharifK. (2018). Risk journalism between transnational politics and climate change. The Palgrave Macmillan Series in International Political Communication. Palgrave Macmillan.
34.
WitteK. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
