Bio-based smart composites have rapidly evolved as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based materials, integrating renewable feedstocks with advanced functionalities. This review analyses recent advancements in bio-based matrices and bio-epoxy reinforced with natural fibres and cellulose nanocrystals, examining their mechanical performance, thermal stability, and environmental benefits. It critically examines the integration of innovative technologies, including embedded sensors, conductive nanofillers, shape-memory polymers, and self-healing systems, with a focus on design principles, actuation capabilities, and practical challenges in composite manufacturing. Manufacturing methods are evaluated for sustainability, process efficiency, and biocompatibility of materials. Life cycle assessment methodologies reveal that bio-based composites can achieve reduction in carbon footprint compared to glass fibre-reinforced plastics when integrated with end-of-life recycling or composting schemes. Nevertheless, persistent challenges remain in moisture resistance, thermal stability, cost-effectiveness, and the standardisation of testing protocols. Future research directions include the 4D printing of stimuli-responsive biocomposites, vitrimer chemistry, integration of AI in design and quality control, and development of policy frameworks for commercial adoption. Applications span robotics, wearable electronics, and smart packaging across multiple industries. Comprehensive synthesis of material innovations, processing technologies, environmental assessments, and regulatory landscapes provides a roadmap for developing sustainable, smart composites in the aerospace, automotive, construction, healthcare, and energy sectors.
ShellyDSinghalVJaidkaS, et al.Mechanical performance of bio‐based fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review. Polym Compos. Epub ahead of print 5 May 2025. DOI: 10.1002/pc.30000.
2.
WangXZhangSChenY. Polyimine-based self-healing composites: a review on dynamic covalent thermosets for sustainable and high-performance applications. Polymers (Basel)2025; 17: 1607.
3.
IslamMHAfrojSUddinMA, et al.Graphene and CNT‐based smart fiber‐reinforced composites: a review. Adv Funct Mater2022; 32: 2205723.
4.
ShiCQuinnECDimentWT, et al.Recyclable and (bio)degradable polyesters in a circular plastics economy. Chem Rev2024; 124: 4393–4478.
5.
QtaishatYHofmanJAdeyeyeK. Circular water economy in the EU: findings from demonstrator projects. Clean Technol2022; 4: 865–892.
6.
FurxhiIBengalliRMottaG, et al.Data-driven quantitative intrinsic hazard criteria for nanoproduct development in a safe-by-design paradigm: a case study of silver nanoforms. ACS Appl Nano Mater2023; 6: 3948–3962.
7.
CasseeFRBleekerEAJDurandC, et al.Roadmap towards safe and sustainable advanced and innovative materials. (Outlook for 2024-2030). Comput Struct Biotechnol J2024; 25: 105–126.
8.
WeyandSKawajiriKMortanC, et al.Scheme for generating upscaling scenarios of emerging functional materials based energy technologies in prospective LCA (UpFunMatLCA). J Ind Ecol2023; 27: 676–692.
9.
NorizanMNShazleenSSAliasAH, et al.Nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for sustainable applications: a review. Nanomaterials2022; 12: 3483.
10.
JeongEWooHMoonY, et al.Self-cleaning polyester fabric prepared with TiOF2 and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 387.
11.
KeshavanSPetri-FinkARothen-RutishauserB. Understanding the benefits and risks of sustainable nanomaterials in a research environment. Chimia (Aarau)2024; 78: 397–402.
12.
SmithLIbn‐MohammedTKohL, et al.Life cycle assessment of functional materials and devices: opportunities, challenges, and current and future trends. J Am Ceram Soc2019; 102: 7037–7064.
13.
HubbeMA. Sustainable composites: a review with critical questions to guide future initiatives. Sustainability2023; 15: 11088.
14.
DasSDasPDasNC, et al.A review of emerging bio-based constituents for natural fiber polymer composites. J Text Inst2024; 115: 2554–2580.
15.
PhiriRMavinkere RangappaSSiengchinS, et al.Development of sustainable biopolymer-based composites for lightweight applications from agricultural waste biomass: a review. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res2023; 6: 436–450.
16.
CetinMSIpekMFidanG, et al.Bio-based sustainable composites from hazelnut shell and PP/SEBS blends. J Thermoplast Compos Mater2023; 36: 2898–2919.
17.
MoutinhoLGSoaresEOliveiraM. Bio‐based thermoplastic composites reinforced with natural fillers for sustainable packaging: a comprehensive review. Polym Compos. Epub ahead of print 14 February 2025. DOI: 10.1002/pc.29589.
18.
DoineauECathalaBBenezetJ-C, et al.Development of bio-inspired hierarchical fibres to tailor the fibre/matrix interphase in (bio)composites. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 804.
19.
JiaLLiYRenA, et al.Degradable and recyclable hydrogels for sustainable bioelectronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024; 16: 32887–32905.
20.
WangJTangJChenD, et al.Intrinsic and extrinsic self‐healing fiber‐reinforced polymer composites: a review. Polym Compos2023; 44: 6304–6323.
21.
TripathyDBGuptaA. Nanocomposites as sustainable smart materials: a review. J Reinf Plast Compos. Epub ahead of print 13 February 2024. DOI: 10.1177/07316844241233162.
22.
Gómez-GastNLópez CuellarMDRVergara-PorrasB, et al.Biopackaging potential alternatives: bioplastic composites of polyhydroxyalkanoates and vegetal fibers. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 1114.
23.
MokhenaTCSefadiJSSadikuER, et al.Thermoplastic processing of PLA/cellulose nanomaterials composites. Polymers (Basel)2018; 10: 1363.
24.
CornagoSTanYSBrondiC, et al.Systematic literature review on dynamic life cycle inventory: towards industry 4.0 applications. Sustainability2022; 14: 6464.
25.
SunXYuHSolvangWD, et al.The application of industry 4.0 technologies in sustainable logistics: a systematic literature review (2012–2020) to explore future research opportunities. Environ Sci Pollut Res2022; 29: 9560–9591.
26.
BachmannJHidalgoCBricoutS. Environmental analysis of innovative sustainable composites with potential use in aviation sector—A life cycle assessment review. Sci China Technol Sci2017; 60: 1301–1317.
27.
IslamSRMajumderSNMutsuddyR. Life cycle assessment and mechanical strength of cement composites with conventional, and recycled fine aggregate. Sustain Struct. 2004; 4: 1–16.
28.
GrossRAKalraB. Biodegradable polymers for the environment. Science (80- )2002; 297: 803–807.
29.
LiHAguirre-VillegasHAAllenRD, et al.Expanding plastics recycling technologies: chemical aspects, technology status and challenges. Green Chem2022; 24: 8899–9002.
30.
GunwantD. Moisture resistance treatments of natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. Compos Interfaces2024; 31: 979–1047.
31.
NetoJSSde QueirozHFMAguiarRAA, et al.A review on the thermal characterisation of natural and hybrid fiber composites. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 4425.
32.
MylsamyBShanmugamSKMAruchamyK, et al.A review on natural fiber composites: polymer matrices, fiber surface treatments, fabrication methods, properties, and applications. Polym Eng Sci2024; 64: 2345–2373.
33.
RamfulR. Mechanical performance and durability attributes of biodegradable natural fibre-reinforced composites—A review. J Mater Sci Mater Eng2024; 19: 50.
34.
TardyBLMattosBDOtoniCG, et al.Deconstruction and reassembly of renewable polymers and biocolloids into next generation structured materials. Chem Rev2021; 121: 14088–14188.
35.
FongAWongDHLauS, et al.A review on the hybrid polymer composites comprising natural fibre and nanomaterial reinforcement. J Compos Mater. Epub ahead of print 15 April 2025. DOI: 10.1177/00219983251334861.
36.
SeisaKChinnasamyVUdeAU. Surface treatments of natural fibres in fibre reinforced composites: a review. Fibres Text East Eur2022; 30: 82–89.
37.
RamachandranAMavinkere RangappaSKushvahaV, et al.Modification of fibers and matrices in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: a comprehensive review. Macromol Rapid Commun2022; 43: 2100862.
38.
LiMPuYThomasVM, et al.Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications. Compos Part B Eng2020; 200: 108254.
39.
ChangBPMohantyAKMisraM. Studies on durability of sustainable biobased composites: a review. RSC Adv2020; 10: 17955–17999.
40.
GwonSHanSHVuTD, et al.Rheological and mechanical properties of kenaf and jute fiber-reinforced cement composites. Int J Concr Struct Mater2023; 17: 5.
41.
NurazziNMAsyrafMRMAthiyahSF, et al.A review on mechanical performance of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites for structural applications. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 2170.
42.
PickeringKLEfendyMGALeTM. A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2016; 83: 98–112.
43.
BaleyC. Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 939–948.
44.
JosephBKrishnanSKavilSV, et al.Green chemistry approach for fabrication of polymer composites. Sustain Chem2021; 2: 254–270.
45.
DhandapaniEDuraisamyNPeriasamyP, et al.Highly green fluorescent carbon quantum dots synthesis via hydrothermal method from fish scale. Mater Today Proc2020; 26: A1–A5.
46.
Tchana ToffeGOluwarotimi IsmailSMontalvãoD, et al.A scale-up of energy-cycle analysis on processing non-woven flax/PLA tape and triaxial glass fibre fabric for composites. J Manuf Mater Process2019; 3: 92.
47.
OladeleIOBichang’aDOBorisadeSG, et al.Recent advancements in the application of natural fibre/particulate based polymer composites in automotive industry: a review on sustainable development. Matériaux Tech2024; 112: 402.
48.
ZhaoJ-ZYueT-JRenB-H, et al.Closed-loop recycling of sulfur-rich polymers with tunable properties spanning thermoplastics, elastomers, and vitrimers. Nat Commun2024; 15: 3002.
49.
AfsharSVBoldrinAChristensenTH, et al.Disintegration of commercial biodegradable plastic products under simulated industrial composting conditions. Sci Rep2025; 15: 8569.
50.
KamarudinSHMohd BasriMSRayungM, et al.A review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC) for sustainable industrial applications. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 3698.
51.
McKayIVargasJYangL, et al.A review of natural fibres and biopolymer composites: progress, limitations, and enhancement strategies. Materials (Basel)2024; 17: 4878.
52.
MohammadiMIshakMRSultanMTH. Exploring chemical and physical advancements in surface modification techniques of natural fiber reinforced composite: a comprehensive review. J Nat Fibers2024; 21: 2408633.
53.
CaprettiMGiammariaVSantulliC, et al.Use of bio-epoxies and their effect on the performance of polymer composites: a critical review. Polymers (Basel)2023; 15: 4733.
54.
KirschnickURavindranBSiebererM, et al.The fossil, the green, and the in-between: life cycle assessment of manufacturing composites with varying bio-based content. J Compos Sci2025; 9: 93.
55.
MunimathanAMuthuKSubramaniS, et al. Environmental behaviour of synthetic and natural fibre reinforced composites: a review. Adv Mech Eng. 2024; 16: 1–19.
56.
SyduzzamanMAl FaruqueMABilisikK, et al.Plant-based natural fibre reinforced composites: a review on fabrication, properties and applications. Coatings2020; 10: 973.
57.
SennekaLHaagMAignerKN, et al.Investigation of thermolabile particles for debonding on demand in fiber reinforced composites. J Coat Technol Res2024; 21: 1931–1943.
58.
ZaborowskaMBernatK. The development of recycling methods for bio-based materials – a challenge in the implementation of a circular economy: a review. Waste Manag Res2023; 41: 68–80.
59.
SunYLiJZhangB. Processing method and performance evaluation of flame-retardant corrugated sandwich panel. Polymers (Basel)2024; 16: 696.
60.
TaniJTakagiTQiuJ. Intelligent material systems: application of functional materials. Appl Mech Rev1998; 51: 505–521.
61.
LongCQingYLiS, et al.Asymmetric composite wound nanodressing with superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic alternate pattern for reducing blood loss and adhesion. Compos B Eng2021; 223: 109134.
62.
SinghSKambleZNejeG. Textile-reinforced composite structural-health monitoring systems. Text Prog2024; 56: 415–516.
63.
SinghSKambleZNejeG. Investigation on piezoresistive properties of reduced graphene oxide treated glass textiles based multifunctional sensors. Polym Compos2025; 46: 3705–3719.
64.
SinghSKambleZNejeG. Electro-mechanical behavior of self-sensing textile-reinforced composites for in situ structural health monitoring. J Reinf Plast Compos2024; 43: 1205–1213.
65.
LendleinAKelchS. Shape-memory polymers. Angew Chemie Int Ed2002; 41: 2035–2057.
66.
OtsukaKRenX. Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys. Prog Mater Sci2005; 50: 511–678.
67.
DurãoMLNobreLMotaC, et al.Self-healing composites: a path to redefining material resilience—A comprehensive recent review. Materials (Basel)2024; 17: 4681.
68.
CostaCMCardosoVFMartinsP, et al.Smart and multifunctional materials based on electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride): recent advances and opportunities in sensors, actuators, energy, environmental, and biomedical applications. Chem Rev2023; 123: 11392–11487.
69.
DengZDapinoMJ. Review of magnetostrictive materials for structural vibration control. Smart Mater Struct2018; 27: 113001.
70.
ToewsPMVelrajABatesJS. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, their mass transfer, intermolecular interactions, and applications in biomedical devices. J Mater Sci Mater Eng2025; 20: 66.
71.
WangYMaKPengQ, et al.Design and performance study of real-time, reliable, and highly accurate carbon fiber reinforced polymer-fiber Bragg grating sensors for wind turbine blade strain monitoring. Opt Eng2024; 63: 037108.
72.
YadavASinghSKDasS, et al.Shape memory polymer and composites for space applications: a review. Polym Compos. Epub ahead of print 27 February 2025. DOI: 10.1002/pc.29707.
73.
LuanCMovvaSWangK, et al.Towards next-generation fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a perspective on multifunctionality. Funct Compos Struct2019; 1: 042002.
74.
IraniFSShafaghiAHTasdelenMC, et al.Graphene as a piezoresistive material in strain sensing applications. Micromachines2022; 13: 119.
75.
JamilHFaizanMAdeelM, et al.Recent advances in polymer nanocomposites: unveiling the frontier of shape memory and self-healing properties—A comprehensive review. Molecules2024; 29: 1267.
76.
HassimMTPrabhakarMNSongJ. Strengthening and self‐healing of natural fiber composites via PLA core–shell nanofibers as healing agent carrier. Polym Compos2024; 45: 9350–9361.
77.
JinSLiKGaoQ, et al.Assembly of graphene oxide into the hyperbranched frameworks for the fabrication of flexible protein-based films with enhanced conductivities. Compos Part B Eng2020; 196: 108110.
78.
ZhangLZhaoYQianJ-Y, et al.Relationship between multi-scale structures and properties of photophobic films based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and monosodium phosphate. Carbohydr Polym2017; 174: 572–579.
79.
AsadzadehFGhorbanzadehSPoursattar MarjaniA, et al.Assessing polylactic acid nanofibers with cellulose and chitosan nanocapsules loaded with chamomile extract for treating gram-negative infections. Sci Rep2024; 14: 22336.
80.
LinZTsaiTYuK, et al. Creation of chitosan‐based nanocapsule‐in‐nanofiber structures for hydrophobic/hydrophilic drug co‐delivery and their dressing applications in diabetic wounds. Macromol Biosci. 2023; 23: 1–14.
81.
CNKMNPHassimMT, et al.Development of self-healing carbon/epoxy composites with optimized PAN/PVDF core–shell nanofibers as healing carriers. ACS Omega2022; 7: 42396–42407.
82.
LiuYLiuXLiuP, et al.Electrospun multiple-chamber nanostructure and its potential self-healing applications. Polymers (Basel)2020; 12: 2413.
83.
JamaludinFHNordinNSLiX, et al.Recent advances in the field of shape-memory polymer from bio-based precursors: review and perspective. Polym Rev2025; 65: 199–249.
84.
IslamRMaparathneSChinwangsoP, et al.Review of shape-memory polymer nanocomposites and their applications. Appl Sci2025; 15: 2419.
85.
El-ArabyAJanatiWUllahR, et al.Chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan-based nanocomposites: eco-friendly materials for advanced applications (a review). Front Chem2023; 11: 1327426.
86.
ChangSWengZZhangC, et al.Cellulose-based intelligent responsive materials: a review. Polymers (Basel)2023; 15: 3905.
87.
SinghNAerySJunejaS, et al.Chitosan hydrogels with embedded thermo- and pH-responsive microgels as a potential carrier for controlled release of drugs. ACS Appl Bio Mater2022; 5: 3487–3499.
88.
ChenMGaoCLüS, et al.Preparation of redox-sensitive, core-crosslinked micelles self-assembled from mPEGylated starch conjugates: remarkable extracellular stability and rapid intracellular drug release. RSC Adv2016; 6: 46159–46169.
89.
LiuYZhangD. The preparation of reduced graphene oxide-TiO 2 composite materials towards transparent, strain sensing and photodegradation multifunctional films. Compos Sci Technol2016; 137: 102–108.
90.
YuanGXieJ-FLiH-H, et al.Thermally reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite films for thermal packaging applications. Materials (Basel)2020; 13: 317.
91.
LaftahWAWan Abdul RahmanWAIbrahimAN. Effects of carbon nanotube and curing agent concentrations on the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polydimethylsiloxane: optimization and statistical analysis. RSC Adv2025; 15: 14838–14847.
92.
GhoshTTeramotoYKatiyarV. Influence of nontoxic magnetic cellulose nanofibers on chitosan based edible nanocoating: a candidate for improved mechanical, thermal, optical, and texture properties. J Agric Food Chem2019; 67: 4289–4299.
93.
GamageAThiviyaPManiS, et al.Environmental properties and applications of biodegradable starch-based nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 4578.
94.
TienNDLyngstadaasSPManoJF, et al.Recent developments in chitosan-based micro/nanofibers for sustainable food packaging, smart textiles, cosmeceuticals, and biomedical applications. Molecules2021; 26: 2683.
95.
ShazleenSSYasim-AnuarTATIbrahimNA, et al.Functionality of cellulose nanofiber as bio-based nucleating agent and nano-reinforcement material to enhance crystallization and mechanical properties of polylactic acid nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 389.
96.
AsadaCSenoMNakamuraY. Preparation of biopolymer composite using cedar‐derived cellulose nanofibers. Waste Biomass Valorization2021; 12: 6245–6254.
97.
SridharaPKMassoFOlsénP, et al.Strong polyamide-6 nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers mediated by green solvent mixtures. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 2127.
98.
WangQJiCSunJ, et al.Structure and properties of polylactic acid biocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils. Molecules2020; 25: 3306.
99.
LiMSongFChenL, et al.Flexible material based on poly(lactic acid) and liquid crystal with multishape memory effects. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2016; 4: 3820–3829.
100.
RazaZAAnwarF. Fabrication of poly(lactic acid) incorporated chitosan nanocomposites for enhanced functional polyester fabric. Polímeros2018; 28: 120–124.
101.
SubbotinaEMontanariCOlsénP, et al.Fully bio-based cellulose nanofiber/epoxy composites with both sustainable production and selective matrix deconstruction towards infinite fiber recycling systems. J Mater Chem A2022; 10: 570–576.
102.
JosephALawanICharoensukK, et al.Development of a magnified sunlight responsive shape memory bio-composite: effects of titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles on a bio-based benzoxazine/epoxy copolymer. Nanoscale Adv2024; 6: 4407–4416.
103.
IslamMNJiangY. 3D printable sustainable composites with thermally tunable properties entirely from corn-based products. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2022; 10: 7818–7824.
104.
DasGSTripathiVKDwivediJ, et al.Nanocarbon-based sensors for the structural health monitoring of smart biocomposites. Nanoscale2024; 16: 1490–1525.
105.
TangJWenZZhaiM, et al.Environmental-friendly, flexible silk fibroin-based film as dual-responsive shape memory material. Int J Biol Macromol2024; 269: 131748.
106.
BoonYDJoshiSCBhudoliaSK. Review: filament winding and automated fiber placement with in situ consolidation for fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 1951.
107.
AgeyevaTSibikinIKovácsJG. A review of thermoplastic resin transfer molding: process modeling and simulation. Polymers (Basel)2019; 11: 1555.
108.
BillingsCSiddiqueRSherwoodB, et al.Additive manufacturing and characterization of sustainable wood fiber-reinforced green composites. J Compos Sci2023; 7: 489.
109.
CrawfordBKhayyamHMilaniAS. A mini-review and perspective on current best practice and emerging industry 4.0 methods for risk reduction in advanced composites manufacturing. Open J Compos Mater2021; 11: 31–45.
110.
Ben AmorSElloumiNEltaiefA, et al.Digital twin implementation in additive manufacturing: a comprehensive review. Processes2024; 12: 1062.
111.
TangCSunDZouJ, et al.Lay‐up defects inspection for automated fiber placement with structural light scanning and deep learning. Polym Compos2025; 46: 11089–11099.
112.
BaiJWuDShelleyT, et al.A comprehensive survey on machine learning driven material defect detection. ACM Comput Surv. Epub ahead of print 22 April 2025. DOI: 10.1145/3730576.
113.
MahmoodHMoniruzzamanMYusupS, et al.Ionic liquids assisted processing of renewable resources for the fabrication of biodegradable composite materials. Green Chem2017; 19: 2051–2075.
114.
BodorMLasagabáster-LatorreAArias-FerreiroG, et al.Improving the 3D printability and mechanical performance of biorenewable soybean oil-based photocurable resins. Polymers (Basel)2024; 16: 977.
115.
KatsiropoulosCVPantelakisSG. A novel holistic index for the optimization of composite components and manufacturing processes with regard to quality, life cycle costs and environmental performance. Aerospace2020; 7: 157.
116.
ElyoussfiSSaadAEchchelhA, et al.Thermal characterization and improvement of curing stage in resin transfer molding process. Handbook of Research on Recent Developments in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, pp. 479–505.
117.
DongAZhaoYZhaoX, et al.Cure cycle optimization of rapidly cured out-of-autoclave composites. Materials (Basel)2018; 11: 421.
118.
EkuaseOAAnjumNEzeVO, et al.A review on the out-of-autoclave process for composite manufacturing. J Compos Sci2022; 6: 172.
119.
RameshMNiranjanaKBhoopathiR, et al. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: a review on fabrication methods and process parameters. e-Polymers. 2024; 24: 1–37.
120.
XieSYangK-PHanZ-M, et al.Sustainable high-performance structural materials from micro/nanostructured corn stover. Nano Lett2025; 25: 184–192.
121.
BenotsmaneRKovácsGDudásL. Economic, social impacts and operation of smart factories in industry 4.0 focusing on simulation and artificial intelligence of collaborating robots. Soc Sci2019; 8: 143.
122.
TifkitsisKISkordosAA. Real time uncertainty estimation in filling stage of resin transfer molding process. Polym Compos2020; 41: 5387–5402.
123.
ChenTSampathVMayMC, et al.Machine learning in manufacturing towards industry 4.0: from ‘for now’ to ‘four-know’. Appl Sci2023; 13: 1903.
124.
ÇınarZMAbdussalam NuhuAZeeshanQ, et al.Machine learning in predictive maintenance towards sustainable smart manufacturing in industry 4.0. Sustainability2020; 12: 8211.
125.
StojkovicMButtJ. Industry 4.0 implementation framework for the composite manufacturing industry. J Compos Sci2022; 6: 258.
126.
AlazabMAlhyariS. Industry 4.0 innovation: a systematic literature review on the role of blockchain technology in creating smart and sustainable manufacturing facilities. Information2024; 15: 78.
127.
GajdzikBGrabowskaSSaniukS. A theoretical framework for industry 4.0 and its implementation with selected practical schedules. Energies2021; 14: 940.
128.
NguyenQ-DSuriKSidibeGDS. Towards engineering product digital twins for industry 5.0: definition and modeling approach. In: 2025 IEEE 30th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). Porto, Portugal, 9–12 September 2025, IEEE, pp. 1–4.
129.
AkundiAEurestiDLunaS, et al.State of industry 5.0—Analysis and identification of current research trends. Appl Syst Innov2022; 5: 27.
130.
BucciIFaniVBandinelliR. Towards human-centric manufacturing: exploring the role of human digital twins in industry 5.0. Sustainability2024; 17: 129.
131.
GhobakhlooMIranmaneshMTsengM-L, et al.Behind the definition of industry 5.0: a systematic review of technologies, principles, components, and values. J Ind Prod Eng2023; 40: 432–447.
132.
TurnerCOyekanJ. Manufacturing in the age of human-centric and sustainable industry 5.0: application to holonic, flexible, reconfigurable and smart manufacturing systems. Sustainability2023; 15: 10169.
133.
Martín-GómezAMAgote-GarridoALama-RuizJR. A framework for sustainable manufacturing: integrating industry 4.0 technologies with industry 5.0 values. Sustainability2024; 16: 1364.
134.
KimJLeeJParkSJ, et al.Software-defined factory: paradigm shift in manufacturing towards industry 5.0. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Technol2025; 3: 201–209.
135.
LeiZShiJLuoZ, et al.Intelligent manufacturing from the perspective of industry 5.0: application review and prospects. IEEE Access2024; 12: 167436–167451.
136.
OsmanAIZhangYFarghaliM, et al.Synthesis of green nanoparticles for energy, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and food applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett2024; 22: 841–887.
137.
VaradharajanSVasanthanKSMathurV, et al.Green synthesis and multifaceted applications: challenges and innovations in carbon dot nanocomposites. Discov Nano2024; 19: 205.
138.
KulkarniSGoyalMR. Sustainable green nanomaterials. Apple Academic Press.
139.
KumarJAKrithigaTManigandanS, et al.A focus to green synthesis of metal/metal based oxide nanoparticles: various mechanisms and applications towards ecological approach. J Clean Prod2021; 324: 129198.
140.
AlsaiariNSAlzahraniFMAmariA, et al.Plant and microbial approaches as green methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials: synthesis, applications, and future perspectives. Molecules2023; 28: 463.
141.
NurchiCBuonvinoSArcieroI, et al.Sustainable vegetable oil-based biomaterials: synthesis and biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci2023; 24: 2153.
142.
ChauhanVKärkiTVarisJ. Optimization of compression molding process parameters for NFPC manufacturing using taguchi design of experiment and moldflow analysis. Processes2021; 9: 1853.
143.
MazumderMRHGovindarajPMehedi HasanM, et al.Intelligent process monitoring of smart polymer composites using large area graphene coated fabric sensor. ChemPhysChem2025; 26: e202400189.
144.
HueberCFischerGSchwingshandlN, et al.Production planning optimisation for composite aerospace manufacturing. Int J Prod Res2019; 57: 5857–5873.
145.
SkordaSBardakasASegkosA, et al.Influence of SiC doping on the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of 3D-printed PLA. J Compos Sci2024; 8: 79.
146.
KirschnickUFeuchterMRavindranB, et al.Manufacturing bio-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites: process performance in RTM and VARI processes. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci2024; 10: 2379205.
147.
CamposDMaimíPMartínA. Statistical study of the process parameters for achieving continuous consolidation of a thermoplastic composite. Materials (Basel)2023; 16: 6723.
148.
LodhiSKGillAYHussainI. 3D printing techniques: transforming manufacturing with precision and sustainability. Ijmdsa2024; 3: 129–138.
149.
JenaMCMishraSKMoharanaHS. Application of 3D printing across various fields to enhance sustainable manufacturing. Sustain Soc Dev2024; 2: 2864.
150.
Fernández-LeónJKeramatiKBaumelaL, et al.A digital twin for smart manufacturing of structural composites by liquid moulding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2024; 130: 4679–4697.
151.
JuXXiaoJWangD, et al.Effect of gaps/overlaps induced waviness on the mechanical properties of automated fiber placement (AFP)-manufactured composite laminate. Mater Res Express2022; 9: 045305.
152.
JiYLuanCYaoX, et al.Real-time in-service structural health monitoring method based on self-sensing of CF/PEEK prepreg in automated fiber placement (AFP) manufactured parts. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2025; 194: 108925.
153.
WuYCaoZLLiuC, et al.Temperature field and curing degree prediction of large composite blades based on coupled finite element analysis and machine learning. Polym Compos, Epub ahead of print 27 March 2025. DOI: 10.1002/pc.29804.
154.
RabbyMMDasPPRahmanM, et al.Fast and accurate prediction of cure quality and mechanical performance in fiber‐reinforced polymer composite using dielectric variables and machine learning. Polym Compos2024; 45: 1810–1825.
155.
GianniniMDi FrancescantonioMPachecoR, et al.Characterization of water sorption, solubility, and roughness of silorane- and methacrylate-based composite resins. Oper Dent2014; 39: 264–272.
156.
BaharMSinapiusM. Adaptive feeding roller with an integrated cutting system for automated fiber placement (AFP). J Compos Sci2020; 4: 92.
157.
GargRGargREddyNO (eds). Handbook of research on green synthesis and applications of nanomaterials. IGI Global.
158.
AlajmiA. Twinning the future: implementing digital twin technology in the optimisation of fibre-reinforced polymers. MATEC Web Conf2024; 401: 11005.
159.
AlhasanB. Transformation of conventional mechanical elements to smart by adding sensors and actuators to composite materials. SVU-Int J Eng Sci Appl2023; 4: 84–89.
160.
SimõesS. High-performance advanced composites in multifunctional material design: state of the art, challenges, and future directions. Materials (Basel)2024; 17: 5997.
161.
EadASAppelRAlexN, et al.Life cycle analysis for green composites: a review of literature including considerations for local and global agricultural use. J Eng Fiber Fabr2021; 16: 155892502110269.
162.
RamadanBSWibowoYGAnwarD, et al.A review of life cycle assessment of nanomaterials-based adsorbent for environmental remediation. Glob NEST J2024; 26: 1–18.
163.
Sander-TitgemeyerARisseMWeber-BlaschkeG. Applying an iterative prospective LCA approach to emerging wood-based technologies: three German case studies. Int J Life Cycle Assess2023; 28: 495–515.
164.
SedrikRBonjourOde SouzaNRD, et al.Aromatic polymethacrylates from lignin‐based feedstock: synthesis, thermal properties, life‐cycle assessment and toxicity. ChemSusChem2025; 18: e202401239.
165.
GhasemiSSibiMPUlvenCA, et al.A preliminary environmental assessment of epoxidized sucrose soyate (ESS)-based biocomposite. Molecules2020; 25: 2797.
166.
LabibKTijdinkJSijtsmaK, et al.How to combine rules and commitment in fostering research integrity?Account Res2024; 31: 917–943.
167.
WilsonMPSchwarzmanMR. Toward a new U.S. chemicals policy: rebuilding the foundation to advance new science, green chemistry, and environmental health. Environ Health Perspect2009; 117: 1202–1209.
168.
FitzgeraldAProudWKandemirA, et al.A life cycle engineering perspective on biocomposites as a solution for a sustainable recovery. Sustainability2021; 13: 1160.
169.
AigajeERiofrioABaykaraH. Processing, properties, modifications, and environmental impact of nanocellulose/biopolymer composites: a review. Polymers (Basel)2023; 15: 1219.
170.
ChiongJATranHLinY, et al.Integrating emerging polymer chemistries for the advancement of recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible electronics. Adv Sci2021; 8: 2101233.
171.
KorolJHejnaABurchart-KorolD, et al.Comparative analysis of carbon, ecological, and water footprints of polypropylene-based composites filled with cotton, jute and kenaf fibers. Materials (Basel)2020; 13: 3541.
172.
SeileASpurinaESinkaM. Reducing global warming potential impact of bio-based composites based of LCA. Fibers2022; 10: 79.
173.
WalkerSRothmanR. Life cycle assessment of bio-based and fossil-based plastic: a review. J Clean Prod2020; 261: 121158.
174.
WangYThornTDSLiuY, et al.A review on energy-efficient manufacturing for high-performance fibre-reinforced composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2025; 192: 108779.
175.
FonsecaARamalhoEGouveiaA, et al.Life cycle assessment of PLA products: a systematic literature review. Sustainability2023; 15: 12470.
176.
MaitiSIslamMRUddinMA, et al.Sustainable fiber‐reinforced composites: a review. Adv Sustain Syst2022; 6: 2200258.
177.
NachodBKellerEHassaneinA, et al.Assessment of petroleum-based plastic and bioplastics degradation using anaerobic digestion. Sustainability2021; 13: 13295.
178.
RudénCHanssonSO. Registration, evaluation, and authorization of chemicals (REACH) is but the first step–how far will it take us? Six further steps to improve the European chemicals legislation. Environ Health Perspect2010; 118: 6–10.
179.
PiresJRASouzaVGLFuciñosP, et al.Methodologies to assess the biodegradability of bio-based polymers—current knowledge and existing gaps. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 1359.
180.
BariESistaniAMorrellJJ, et al.Current strategies for the production of sustainable biopolymer composites. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 2878.
181.
FiliciottoLRothenbergG. Biodegradable plastics: standards, policies, and impacts. ChemSusChem2021; 14: 56–72.
182.
ChongZ. K.HofmannA.HayeM., et al. Lab-scale and full-scale industrial composting of biodegradable plastic blends for packaging. Open research Europe. 2024; 2(101): 1–18. doi:10.12688/openreseurope.14893.3.
183.
ReifsniderKSendeckyjGWangS, et al.Composite standards activities of the society of automotive engineers. J Compos Technol Res1986; 8: 24.
184.
Mai‐MoulinTArmstrongSvan DamJ, et al.Toward a harmonization of national sustainability requirements and criteria for solid biomass. Biofuel Bioprod Biorefin2019; 13: 405–421.
185.
Rezvani GhomiERKhosraviFSaedi ArdahaeiAS, et al.The life cycle assessment for polylactic acid (PLA) to make it a low-carbon material. Polymers (Basel)2021; 13: 1854.
186.
PokharelAFaluaKJBabaei-GhazviniA, et al.Biobased polymer composites: a review. J Compos Sci2022; 6: 255.
187.
Lopez-ArraizaAEssamariLIturrondobeitiaM, et al.Life cycle assessment of glass fibre versus flax fibre reinforced composite ship hulls. Sci Rep2025; 15: 16283.
188.
KhanTUmerR. Self‐sensing piezoresistive aerospace composites based on CNTs and 2D material coated fabric sensors. Electron2024; 2: e61.
189.
FarcasCGalaoOVertuccioL, et al.Ice-prevention and De-icing capacity of epoxy resin filled with hybrid carbon-nanostructured forms: self-heating by Joule effect. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 2427.
190.
Alvarez-MontoyaJCarvajal-CastrillónASierra-PérezJ. In-flight and wireless damage detection in a UAV composite wing using fiber optic sensors and strain field pattern recognition. Mech Syst Signal Process2020; 136: 106526.
191.
BachmannJYiXTserpesK, et al.Towards a circular economy in the aviation sector using eco-composites for interior and secondary structures. Results and recommendations from the EU/China project ECO-COMPASS. Aerospace2021; 8: 131.
192.
UppstuPEngblomSInkinenS, et al.Influence of polylactide coating stereochemistry on mechanical and in vitro degradation properties of porous bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater2024; 112: e35328.
193.
Lacambra-AndreuXMaazouzALamnawarK, et al.A review on manufacturing processes of biocomposites based on Poly(α-Esters) and bioactive glass fillers for bone regeneration. Biomimetics2023; 8: 81.
194.
Ghorbanpour AraniAMiralaeiNFarazinA, et al.An extensive review of the repair behavior of smart self-healing polymer matrix composites. J Mater Res2023; 38: 617–632.
195.
SamokhinYVaravaYDiedkovaK, et al.Electrospun chitosan/polylactic acid nanofibers with silver nanoparticles: structure, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties. ACS Appl Bio Mater2025; 8: 1027–1037.
196.
ShangQZhangAWuZ, et al.In vitro evaluation of sustained release of risperidone‐loaded microspheres fabricated from different viscosity of PLGA polymers. Polym Adv Technol2018; 29: 384–393.
197.
DeFailAJEdingtonHDMatthewsS, et al.Controlled release of bioactive doxorubicin from microspheres embedded within gelatin scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A2006; 79: 954–962.
198.
MishraPSinghG. Internet of medical things healthcare for sustainable smart cities: current status and future prospects. Appl Sci2023; 13: 8869.
199.
BuasiriTHabermehl-CwirzenKKrzeminskiL, et al.Piezoresistive load sensing and percolation phenomena in Portland cement composite modified with in-situ synthesized carbon nanofibers. Nanomaterials2019; 9: 594.
200.
Konsta-GdoutosMSAzaCA. Self sensing carbon nanotube (CNT) and nanofiber (CNF) cementitious composites for real time damage assessment in smart structures. Cem Concr Compos2014; 53: 162–169.
201.
IvaškėAGribniakVJakubovskisR, et al.Bacterial viability in self-healing concrete: a case study of non-ureolytic bacillus species. Microorganisms2023; 11: 2402.
202.
LiuLHammamiNBigotD, et al.Multi-scale study of a phase change material on a tropical Island for evaluating its impact on human comfort in the building sector. Materials (Basel)2024; 17: 3241.
203.
RoySKimHCPanickerPS, et al.Cellulose nanofiber-based nanocomposite films reinforced with zinc oxide nanorods and grapefruit seed extract. Nanomaterials2021; 11: 877.
204.
FulatiAAliSMURiazM, et al.Miniaturized pH sensors based on zinc oxide nanotubes/nanorods. Sensors2009; 9: 8911–8923.
205.
YanTWangXQiaoY. Strategy to antibacterial, high-mechanical, and degradable polylactic acid/chitosan composite film through reactive compatibilization via epoxy chain extender. ACS Omega2024; 9: 27312–27320.
206.
PengYZhouJSongX, et al.A flexible pressure sensor with ink printed porous graphene for continuous cardiovascular status monitoring. Sensors2021; 21: 485.
207.
ChandrasekharAAlluriNRSaravanakumarB, et al.A microcrystalline cellulose ingrained polydimethylsiloxane triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered locomotion detector. J Mater Chem C2017; 5: 1810–1815.
208.
MiglaniAOgaleSBGameOS. Architectural innovations in perovskite solar cells. Small2025; 21: 2411355.
209.
del BosqueAVergaraDFernández-AriasP. An overview of smart composites for the aerospace sector. Appl Sci2025; 15: 2986.
210.
KontizaAKartsonakisIA. Smart composite materials with self-healing properties: a review on design and applications. Polymers (Basel)2024; 16: 2115.
211.
DalpaduloERussoMGherardiniF, et al.Towards the design-driven carbon footprint reduction of composite aerospace and automotive components: an overview. Epub ahead of print 12 June 2024. DOI: 10.4271/2024-37-0032.
212.
VafaevaKMChhetriASudanP, et al.Polymer matrix nanocomposites for sustainable packaging: a green approach. E3S Web Conf2024; 537: 08001.
213.
RathiHPChandakMRecheA, et al.Smart biomaterials: an evolving paradigm in dentistry. Cureus. Epub ahead of print 18 October 2023. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47265.
214.
RamezaniMRipinZM. An overview of enhancing the performance of medical implants with nanocomposites. J Compos Sci2023; 7: 199.
215.
JariwalaHJainP. A review on mechanical behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and its applications. J Reinf Plast Compos2019; 38: 441–453.
216.
GeorgiopoulosPChristopoulosAKoutsoumpisS, et al.The effect of surface treatment on the performance of flax/biodegradable composites. Compos Part B Eng2016; 106: 88–98.
217.
LiJWangJWangM, et al. Multiscale micromechanics modeling of viscoelastic natural plant fibers. Front Mater. 2024; 11: 1–17.
218.
KönigsbergerMLukacevicMFüsslJ. Multiscale micromechanics modeling of plant fibers: upscaling of stiffness and elastic limits from cellulose nanofibrils to technical fibers. Mater Struct2023; 56: 13.
219.
MohammedMMohammedAMOleiwiJK, et al.Influence of fiber treatments on water absorption behavior in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a review. Al Rafidain J Eng Sci2025; 3: 410–430.
220.
ImoisiliPEJenTC. Mechanism and kinetics of water absorption of plantain fibre reinforced bio-composites. Mater Sci Forum2024; 1115: 55–62.
221.
MercyJLVelmuruganRSasiprabaT, et al.Neurofuzzy modelling of moisture absorption kinetics and its effect on the mechanical properties of pineapple fibre-reinforced polypropylene composite. J Compos Mater2020; 54: 899–912.
222.
NezafatkhahSMargotoOHSassaniF, et al.Understanding natural and accelerated weathering degradation mechanisms of glass and natural fiber composites: a review. J Reinf Plast Compos. Epub ahead of print 24 April 2025. DOI: 10.1177/07316844251337240.
223.
HeimowskaAKrasowskaK. Influence of different environments on degradation of composites with natural fibre. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci2019; 214: 012060.
224.
PapadopoulouKAinaliNMMašekO, et al.Biochar as a UV stabilizer: its impact on the photostability of poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites. Polymers (Basel)2024; 16: 3080.
225.
CappelloMRossiDFilippiS, et al.Wood residue-derived biochar as a low-cost, lubricating filler in poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) biocomposites. Materials (Basel)2023; 16: 570.
226.
RoyPRodriguez-UribeAMohantyAK, et al.Production cost of biocarbon and biocomposite, and their prospects in sustainable biobased industries. Sustainability2024; 16: 5633.
227.
XuJLiHHuangS, et al.Comparative study on the properties of basalt and steel fiber reinforcement waste rock concrete. Sci Rep2025; 15: 15103.
228.
YuJHieuTGrayS, et al. A bi-objective decision support tool based on system dynamics and discrete event modelling for sustainable supply chain. Circ Econ. 2023; 1: 1–29.
229.
FereidoonAGhasemi-GhalebahmanAAmini-NejadR, et al.Experimental investigation on self-activated healing performance of thermosetting polyurethane prepared by tungsten (VI) chloride catalyst. Mater Res Express2020; 7: 035705.
230.
LiuHLiQZhangS, et al.Electrically conductive polymer composites for smart flexible strain sensors: a critical review. J Mater Chem C2018; 6: 12121–12141.
231.
LotfiALiHDaoDV, et al.Natural fiber–reinforced composites: a review on material, manufacturing, and machinability. J Thermoplast Compos Mater2021; 34: 238–284.
232.
AlzahraniMMAlamryKAHusseinMA. Recent advances of fiber-reinforced polymer composites for defense innovations. Results Chem2025; 15: 102199.
233.
KodurVVenkatachariSMatsagarVA, et al.Test methods for characterizing the properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites at elevated temperatures. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 1734.
234.
ArmisteadSJBabaahmadiA. Navigating regulatory challenges, technical performance and circular economy integration of mineral-based waste materials for sustainable construction: a mini review in the European context. Waste Manag Res2025; 43: 674–683.
235.
Yoon ParkSJong ChoiW. Review of material test standardization status for the material qualification of laminated thermosetting composite structures. J Reinf Plast Compos2021; 40: 235–258.
236.
XiangJChengPWangK, et al.Interlaminar and translaminar fracture toughness of 3D ‐printed continuous fiber reinforced composites: a review and prospect. Polym Compos2024; 45: 3883–3900.
237.
ChegdaniFEl MansoriM. Perspectives on the robustness of the mechanical properties assessment of biocomposites. J Appl Phys2024; 135: 080901.
238.
PatrickC. Seeking better control of biocomposites for better, more ecofriendly materials. Scilight. Epub ahead of print 1 March 2024. DOI: 10.1063/10.0025139.
239.
SanjeeviSShanmugamVKumarS, et al.Effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid natural fibre/phenol formaldehyde composites. Sci Rep2021; 11: 13385.
240.
BachchanAADasPPChaudharyV. Effect of moisture absorption on the properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review. Mater Today Proc2022; 49: 3403–3408.
241.
AndrewJJDhakalHN. Sustainable biobased composites for advanced applications: recent trends and future opportunities – A critical review. Compos Part C Open Access2022; 7: 100220.
242.
BörnerTZinnM. Key challenges in the advancement and industrialization of biobased and biodegradable plastics: a value chain overarching perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol2024; 12: 1406278.
243.
AbdelshafyAHermannAHerres‐PawlisS, et al.Opportunities and challenges of establishing a regional bio‐based polylactic acid supply chain. Glob Challenges2023; 7: 2200218.
244.
RodriguesADSLPiresACBBarbosaPA, et al.Polymeric composites in extrusion‐based additive manufacturing: a systematic review. Polym Compos2024; 45: 6741–6770.
245.
YaoXWangYThornTDS, et al.Tailored out-of-oven energy efficient manufacturing of high-performance composites with two-stage self-regulating heating via a double positive temperature coefficient effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2023; 15: 56265–56274.
246.
ChatziparaskevaGPapamichaelIVoukkaliI, et al.End-of-life of composite materials in the framework of the circular economy. Microplastics2022; 1: 377–392.
MagalhãesLCMagalhãesLCRamosJB, et al.Conceiving a digital twin for a flexible manufacturing system. Appl Sci2022; 12: 9864.
249.
ValeACLeiteLPaisV, et al.Extraction of natural-based raw materials towards the production of sustainable man-made organic fibres. Polymers (Basel)2024; 16: 3602.
250.
AnwarSPerdanaTRachmadiM, et al.Traceability information model for sustainability of black soybean supply chain: a systematic literature review. Sustainability2022; 14: 9498.
251.
WangZZhengYQiaoL, et al.4D‐printed MXene‐based artificial nerve guidance conduit for enhanced regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. Adv Healthc Mater. Epub ahead of print 4 June 2024. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401093.
252.
VannaladsaysyVChoudhurySDattaS, et al.NIR-responsive shape memory composite nanofibers as deployable matrices for biomedical applications. Smart Mater Struct2025; 34: 055004.
253.
VintilaISGhitmanJIovuH, et al.A microvascular system self-healing approach on polymeric composite materials. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 2798.
254.
WeiXZhuHHongD, et al.Nanocellulose/graphene oxide composite beads as a novel hemoperfusion adsorbent for efficient removal of bilirubin plasma. Biomacromolecules2025; 26: 2458–2466.
255.
KoukaMAAbbassiFHabibiM, et al.4D printing of shape memory polymers, blends, and composites and their advanced applications: a comprehensive literature review. Adv Eng Mater2023; 25: 2200650.
256.
TiwariAGairaNSTiwariR, et al.AI-driven design of composite materials for aerospace engineering. In: 2024 Second International Conference Computational and Characterization Techniques in Engineering & Sciences (IC3TES). Lucknow, India, 15–16 November 2024, IEEE, pp. 1–6.
257.
GeierNMagyarGGinerJ, et al.Carbon fibre detection in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres through digital image processing and machine learning. J Compos Mater2024; 58: 2379–2395.
258.
ChiuY-HLiaoY-HJuangJ-Y. Designing bioinspired composite structures via genetic algorithm and conditional variational autoencoder. Polymers (Basel)2023; 15: 281.
259.
DöbrichOBraunerC. Machine vision system for digital twin modeling of composite structures. Front Mater. 2023; 10: 1–10.
260.
QinBLiuSXuJ. Reversible amidation chemistry enables closed‐loop chemical recycling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites to monomers and fibers. Angew Chemie Int Ed2023; 62: e202311856.
261.
HaryńskaAJanikHSienkiewiczM, et al.PLA–potato thermoplastic starch filament as a sustainable alternative to the conventional PLA filament: processing, characterization, and FFF 3D printing. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2021; 9: 6923–6938.
262.
Colli-GongoraPEMoo-TunNMHerrera-FrancoPJ, et al.Assessing the effect of cellulose nanocrystal content on the biodegradation kinetics of multiscale polylactic acid composites under controlled thermophilic composting conditions. Polymers (Basel)2023; 15: 3093.
263.
AafreenMMCholanPKIlangoP, et al.Exploring the 4D printing linked bio-smart materials in dentistry: a concise overview. Front Dent Med2025; 6: 1558382.
264.
GargRGargREddyNO. Microbial induced calcite precipitation for self-healing of concrete: a review. J Sustain Cem Mater2023; 12: 317–330.
265.
SilvaFDAButlerMHempelS, et al.Effects of elevated temperatures on the interface properties of carbon textile-reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Compos2014; 48: 26–34.
266.
TurskisZŠniokienėV. IoT-driven transformation of circular economy efficiency: an overview. Math Comput Appl2024; 29: 49.
