Inducing auxetic nature is one of the emerging techniques to enhance impact tolerance in 3D woven composites due to their unique bidimensional-energy dissipation capability. The conventional 3D orthogonal structure has inherent auxetic nature; however, such auxeticity is completely restricted due to brittle thermoset resins-based composites. To overcome this problem, three types of 3D woven auxetic structures were developed and used as reinforcement with thermoplastic resins, that is, polycarbonate (PC) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The results revealed that the warp interlock structure showed the highest auxeticity, while the bidirectional interlock structure showed the least auxeticity. Charpy and low-velocity impact tests were performed to evaluate the effect of auxeticity on the impact properties of corresponding composites. Warp interlock with PC showed 49% and 47% higher Charpy impact strength and force, respectively, than bidirectional interlock with PC resin. Similarly, the low-velocity impact test results of warp interlock showed 32% and 32.5% higher impact force and absorbed energy, respectively, in warp direction than bidirectional interlock with PC resin.
HussainMArifSNawabY, et al.Development of functional (flame-retardant and anti-bacterial) and hybrid (carbon-glass/epoxy) composites with improved low velocity impact response. Polym Compos2022; 43: 889–905.
2.
KashifMHamdaniSTANawabY, et al.Optimization of 3D woven preform for improved mechanical performance. J Ind Text2019; 48: 1206–1227.
3.
UmairMNawabYMalikMH, et al.Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven-shaped preforms and their associated composites. J Reinf Plast Compos2015; 34: 2018–2028.
4.
ArifSNawabYShakerK, et al.Mechanical performance of flame retardant and antibacterial glass-carbon/epoxy hybrid composites for furniture applications. J Ind Text2022; 51: 5822S–5846S.
5.
AhmadACarazoMTariqA. A case of double-chambered left ventricle presenting with heart failure symptoms. J Nat Fibers2022; 00: 1–3.
6.
AhmedUTariqANawabY, et al.Comparison of mechanical behavior of biaxial, unidirectional and standard woven fabric reinforced composites. Fibers Polym2020; 21: 1308–1315.
7.
ErturkATYararEVatanseverF, et al.A comparative study of mechanical and machining performance of polymer hybrid and carbon fiber epoxy composite materials. Polym Polym Compos2021; 29: S655–S666.
8.
KazemianfarBNamiMR. Influence of oblique low velocity impact on damage behavior of 2D and 3D woven composites: Experimental and numerical methods. Thin-Walled Struct2021; 167: 108253.
9.
MishraRKPetruMBeheraBK, et al.3D woven textile structural polymer composites: effect of resin processing parameters on mechanical performance. Polymers (Basel)2022; 14: 1134.
10.
NazirMUShakerKNawabY, et al.Investigating the effect of material and weave design on comfort properties of bilayer-woven fabrics. J Text Inst2017; 108: 1319–1326.
11.
KorkmazMOkurALabaniehAR, et al.Investigation of the mechanical and forming behaviour of 3D warp interlock carbon woven fabrics for complex shape of composite material. J Ind Text2021; 51: 5427S–5465S.
12.
PereraYSMuwanwellaRMHWFernandoPR, et al.Evolution of 3D weaving and 3D woven fabric structures. Fash Text2021; 8: 11.
13.
YahyaMFGhaniSAZahidB. Uniaxial tensile simulation of 3D orthogonal woven fabric. Int J Eng Technol2018; 7: 197–200.
14.
BessetteCDecretteMTourloniasM, et al.In-situ measurement of tension and contact forces for weaving process monitoring: Application to 3D interlock. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2019; 126: 105604.
15.
UmairMHussainMShakerK, et al.Impact performance of three-dimensional woven composites with novel binding yarn patterns. J Nat Fibers2022; 19: 14461–14476.
16.
UmairMHamdaniSTAAsgharMA, et al.Study of influence of interlocking patterns on the mechanical performance of 3D multilayer woven composites. J Reinf Plast Compos2018; 37: 429–440.
17.
SugunBSandeepD. Integral weaving of orthogonal 3D “T” stiffeners based on pleat weaving concept. J Ind Text2018; 47: 1626–1644.
18.
MillerWHookPBSmithCW, et al.The manufacture and characterisation of a novel, low modulus, negative Poisson’s ratio composite. Compos Sci Technol2009; 69: 651–655.
19.
ChenXTaylorLWTsaiL-J. Three-dimensional fabric structures. Part 1 – An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites. Handbook of Technical Textiles. Elsevier2016; 1: 285–304.
20.
LiuYXiaHNiQ-Q. Experimental Investigation on low-velocity impact performance of 3d woven textile composites. Appl Compos Mater2022; 29: 121–146.
21.
FarrugiaP-SGattRGrimaJN. The push drill mechanism as a novel method to create 3d mechanical metamaterial structures. Phys Status Solidi RRL2020; 14: 2070032.
22.
AttardDFarrugiaPSGattR, et al.Starchirals–A novel class of auxetic hierarchal structures. Int J Mech Sci2020; 179: 105631.
23.
AldersonKAldersonAAnandS, et al.Auxetic warp knit textile structures. Phys Status Solidi2012; 249: 1322–1329.
24.
LiuYHuHLamJKC, et al.Negative poisson’s ratio weft-knitted fabrics. Text Res J2010; 80: 856–863.
25.
UllahTAhmadSNawabY. Development of helical auxetic yarn with negative Poisson’s ratio by combinations of different materials and wrapping angle. J Ind Text2020; 51: 2181S–2196S.
26.
HuH. Auxetic textile materials - A review. J Text Eng Fash Technol2017; 1(1): 1–15. doi: 10.15406/jteft.2017.01.00002
27.
SloanMRWrightJREvansKE. The helical auxetic yarn – A novel structure for composites and textiles; geometry, manufacture and mechanical properties. Mech Mater2011; 43: 476–486.
28.
SubramaniPRanaSOliveiraDV, et al.Development of novel auxetic structures based on braided composites. Mater Des2014; 61: 286–295.
29.
KamrulHZulifqarAYangY, et al.Geometrical analysis of auxetic woven fabrics based on foldable geometry. Text Res J2022; 92: 317–329.
30.
NawabYLegrandXKoncarV. Study of changes in 3D-woven multilayer interlock fabric preforms while forming. J Text Inst2012; 103: 1273–1279.
31.
WangZHuH. Auxetic materials and their potential applications in textiles. Text Res J2014; 84: 1600–1611.
32.
ZulifqarAHuaTHuH. Single‐ and double‐layered bistretch auxetic woven fabrics made of nonauxetic yarns based on foldable geometries. Phys Status Solidi2020; 257: 1900156.
33.
EvansKAldersonK. Auxetic materials: the positive side of being negative. Eng Sci Educ J2000; 9: 148–154.
34.
SteffensFRanaSFangueiroR. Development of novel auxetic textile structures using high performance fibres. Mater Des2016; 106: 81–89.
35.
LiaqatMSamadHAHamdaniSTA, et al.The development of novel auxetic woven structure for impact applications. J Text Inst2016; 108: 1–7.
36.
AhmedHIUmairMNawabY, et al.Development of 3D auxetic structures using para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene yarns. J Text Inst2021; 112: 1417–1427.
37.
KhanMIAkramJUmairM, et al.Development of composites, reinforced by novel 3D woven orthogonal fabrics with enhanced auxeticity. J Ind Text2019; 49: 676–690.
38.
AliMZeeshanMQadirMB, et al.Development and mechanical characterization of weave design based 2d woven auxetic fabrics for protective textiles. Fibers Polym2018; 19: 2431–2438.
39.
ZeeshanMAliMRiazR, et al.Optimizing the auxetic geometry parameters in few yarns based auxetic woven fabrics for enhanced mechanical properties using grey relational analysis. J Nat Fibers2021; 19: 4594–4605.
40.
BeheraBKDashBP. Mechanical behavior of 3D woven composites. Mater Des2015; 67: 261–271.
41.
AsgharMAImadANawabY, et al.Effect of yarn singeing and commingling on the mechanical properties of jute/polypropylene composites. Polym Compos2021; 42: 828–841.
42.
UmairMHussainMAbbasZ, et al.Effect of weave architecture and glass microspheres percentage on the low velocity impact response of hemp/green epoxy composites. J Compos Mater2021; 55: 2179–2195.
43.
HussainMImadANawabY, et al.Effect of matrix and hybrid reinforcement on fibre metal laminates under low–velocity impact loading. Compos Struct2022; 288: 115371.
44.
IftekharHUllah KhanRMWNawabY, et al.Numerical analysis of binding yarn float length for 3D auxetic structures. Phys Status Solidi2020; 257: 2000440.
45.
KhanMIAkramJUmairM, et al.Development of composites, reinforced by novel 3D woven orthogonal fabrics with enhanced auxeticity. J Ind Text2019; 49: 676–690.
46.
ISO Technical Committee. Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 2: instrumented impact test. Switzerland: ISO Technical Committee2020, Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/75825.html.
47.
UmairMHussainMShakerK, et al.Impact performance of three-dimensional woven composites with novel binding yarn patterns. J Nat Fibers2022; 19: 14461–14476.
48.
Kishorre AnnanthVHarishRBhaskara RaoL, et al.Study on alternative composites materials for automobile windshields. Mater Today Proc2022; 66: 1973–1982.
49.
ZhouLZengJJiangL, et al.Low-velocity impact properties of 3D auxetic textile composite. J Mater Sci2018; 53: 3899–3914.
50.
KhanMZRSrivastavaSKGuptaMK. Tensile and flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: A review. J Reinf Plast Compos2018; 37: 1435–1455.
