One-continuous permeability measurement experiments allow measuring permeability of a fiber preform within a range of fiber volume fractions by conducting a single unsaturated (a.k.a. transient) flow experiment on a dry specimen at an initial thickness, and a set of saturated flow experiments on the wetted specimen by varying the thickness of the mold cavity. This approach allows quicker database construction and reduces the effect of inherent variation of fabric structure caused by inconsistent labor on permeability. In this study, the drawbacks of previous mold designs are eliminated by using appropriate sealing, gap thickness adjustment mechanism and features that allow straightforward and reliable manual operation. Experiments for three different fabric types are conducted and the results are discussed. It is mainly observed that the unsaturated permeability is higher than the saturated permeability.
Darcy H. Les Fontaines Public de la Ville de Dijon. Delmont, 1856.
2.
BelovEBLomovSVVerpoestI. Modelling of permeability of textile reinforcements: lattice Boltzmann method. Compos Sci Technol2004; 64: 1069–1080.
3.
SimacekPAdvaniSG. Permeability model for a woven fabric. Polym Compos1996; 17: 887–889.
4.
Kozeny J. Uber die kapillare Leitung des Wassers in Boden. Sitzungsberichte Akad Der Wiss Wien 1927; (139): 271–306.
5.
CarmanP. Fluid flow through a granular bed. Trans Inst Chem Eng1937; 15: 150–166.
6.
GauvinRTrochuFLemennY. Permeability measurement and flow simulation. Polym Compos1996; 17: 34–42.
7.
GebartBFLidstromP. Measurement of in-plane permeability of anisotropic fiber reinforcements. Polym Compos1996; 17: 43–51.
8.
Hoto R, Andrés J, Ordeig I, et al. Set-up for unsaturated permeability measurement of LCM reinforcements. In: The 4th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference (MESIC 2011) AIP conference proceedings Vol 1431, Cadiz, Spain: American Institute of Physics publishing LLC, 2012, pp.770–777. DOI: 10.1063/1.4707634.
9.
HouYComas-CardonaSBinetruyC. Gas transport in fibrous media: Application to in-plane permeability measurement using transient flow. J Compos Mater2012; 47: 2237–2247.
10.
LundströmTStenbergRBergströmR. In-plane permeability measurements: a nordic round-robin study. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2000; 31: 29–43.
11.
HanKKLeeCWRiceBP. Measurements of the permeability of fiber preforms and applications. Compos Sci Technol2000; 60: 2435–2441.
12.
YalcinkayaMASozerEM. Effect of part thickness variation on the mold filling time in vacuum infusion process. J Reinf Plast Compos 2014, 33: 2136–2150.
13.
LiuQParnasRSGiffardHS. New set-up for in-plane permeability measurement. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2007; 38: 954–962.
14.
HoesKDinescuDSolH. New set-up for measurement of permeability properties of fibrous reinforcements for RTM. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 959–969.
15.
KuppusamyRRPShindeVMNeogiS. Measurement of effective permeability of reinforcement mats using sensitivity analysis. Polym Compos2012; 33: 1445–1456.
16.
MekicSBakkeB. Radial infusion models for permeability measurements of compressed fibrous beds. Int J Multiph Flow2013; 48: 1–10.
17.
StadtfeldHErningerMBickertonS. An experimental method to continuously measure permeability of fiber preforms as a function of fiber volume fraction. J Reinf Plast Compos2002; 21: 879–899.
18.
Sozer EM, Chen B, Graham PJ, et al. Characterization and prediction of compaction force and preform permeability of woven fabrics during the resin transfer molding process. In: Proceedings of the fifth international conference on flow processes in composite materials, Plymouth, UK, 12–14 July 1999, pp.25–36.
19.
Comas-CardonaSBinetruyCKrawczakP. Unidirectional compression of fibre reinforcements. Part 2: A continuous permeability tensor measurement. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67: 638–645.
20.
BuntainMJBickertonS. Compression flow permeability measurement: a continuous technique. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2003; 34: 445–457.
21.
OuagnePOuahbiTParkCH. Continuous measurement of fiber reinforcement permeability in the thickness direction: Experimental technique and validation. Compos Part B Eng2013; 45: 609–618.
22.
PomeroyRGroveSSummerscalesJ. Measurement of permeability of continuous filament mat glass–fibre reinforcements by saturated radial airflow. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2007; 38: 1439–1443.
23.
UmMDanielIChildsB. A gas flow method for determination of in-plane permeability of fiber preforms. Polym Compos2001; 22: 47–56.
24.
KimSKOppererJGKimD. Determination of in-plane permeability of fiber preforms by the gas flow method. Polym Compos2003; 24: 34–44.
25.
Alms J, Correia N, Advani SG, et al. Experimental procedures to run longitudinal injections to measure unsaturated permeability of LCM reinforcements. In: FPCM collaboration, 2010.
26.
ArbterRBeraudJMBinetruyC. Experimental determination of the permeability of textiles: A benchmark exercise. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2011; 42: 1157–1168.
27.
VechartAPMasoodiRPillaiKM. Design and evaluation of an idealized porous medium for calibration of permeability measuring devices. Adv Compos Lett2010; 19: 35–49.
28.
LawrenceJMBarrJKarmakarR. Characterization of preform permeability in the presence of race tracking. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2004; 35: 1393–1405.
29.
KuentzerNSimacekPAdvaniSG. Permeability characterization of dual scale fibrous porous media. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 2057–2068.
30.
ZhouFKuentzerNSimacekP. Analytic characterization of the permeability of dual-scale fibrous porous media. Compos Sci Technol2006; 66: 2795–2803.
31.
SummerscalesJ. A model for the effect of fibre clustering on the flow rate in resin transfer moulding. Compos Manuf1993; 4: 27–31.
32.
VernetNRuizEAdvaniS. Experimental determination of the permeability of engineering textiles: Benchmark II. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2014; 61: 172–184.
33.
FrancucciGVázquezARuizE. Capillary ef fects in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding with natural fibers. Polym Compos2012; 33: 1593–1602.
34.
AntonucciVEspositoMRicciardiMR. Permeability characterization of stitched carbon fiber preforms by fiber optic sensors. Express Polym Lett2011; 5: 1075–1084.
35.
WeitzenböckJShenoiRWilsonP. Radial flow permeability measurement. Part A: Theory. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf1999; 30: 781–796.
36.
SharmaSSiginerDA. Permeability measurement methods in porous media of fiber reinforced composites. Appl Mech Rev2010; 63: 1–19.
37.
KimYMcChartySFanucciJ. Resin flow through fiber reinforcements during composite processing. SAMPE Q1991; 22: 16–22.
38.
Diallo L, Gauvin R and Trochu F. Key factors affecting the permeability measurement in continuous fiber reinforcements. In: Proceedings of ICCM-11, Gold Coast, Australia, 1997, pp.441--445.
39.
ShojaeiATrochuFGhaffarianS. An experimental study of saturated and unsaturated permeabilities in resin transfer molding based on unidirectional flow measurements. J Reinf Plast Compos2004; 23: 1515–1536.
40.
Foley F and Gutowski T. The effect of process variables on permeability in the flexible resin transfer molding (FRTM) process. In: Proceedings of 23rd ınternational SAMPE technical conference, NY, USA, 1991, pp.326–339.
41.
HoesKDinescuDSolH. Study of nesting induced scatter of permeability values in layered reinforcement fabrics. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2004; 35: 1407–1418.
42.
ParnasRSFlynnKMDal-FaveroME. A permeability database for composites manufacturing. Polym Compos1997; 18: 623–633.
43.
EndruweitALongAC. Analysis of compressibility and permeability of selected 3D woven reinforcements. J Compos Mater2010; 44: 2833–2862.
44.
YoungWCBudynasRG. Roark’s formulas for stress and strain, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
45.
ShackelfordJF. Materials science for engineers, 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1999.
46.
YenilmezBSozerEM. Compaction of e-glass fabric preforms in the vacuum ınfusion process, A: Characterization experiments. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2009; 40: 499–510.
47.
YenilmezBSozerEM. Compaction of e-glass fabric preforms in the vacuum infusion process: (a) use of characterization database in a model and (b) experiments. J Compos Mater2012; 47: 1959–1975.
