Influence of rare-earth-functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermal and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene nanocomposites

Abstract

Mixed acid and rare-earth (RE) solution were used as the surface modifiers to functionalize multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Fourier transform infrared spectra reveal that the carboxylic groups were induced on the surface of acid-functionalized and RE-functionalized CNTs, and the presence of C–N bond suggests that the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid molecules were successfully grafted on the surface of RE-functionalized CNTs. Raman analysis indicates that acid-treatment and RE-treatment did not significantly change the structure of pristine CNTs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that both acid-treatment and RE-treatment improved the number of carboxylic groups on treated CNTs surfaces compared to pristine CNTs, and RE-treatment is superior to acid-treatment to improve the oxygen to carbon ratio on the CNTs surfaces. Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observations indicate that RE-functionalized CNTs have better dispersion in solvent and in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix than acid-functionalized CNTs, respectively. Thermal stability analysis and mechanical tests display that RE-functionalized CNTs/PTFE nanocomposite has the highest thermal stability and mechanical properties than acid-functionalized CNTs/PTFE nanocomposite and pristine CNTs/PTFE nanocomposite.

Keywords

Carbon nanotubes rear-earth functionalization thermal stability mechanical properties polytetrafluoroethylene

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Blumm

Lindemann

Meyer

. Characterization of PTFE using advanced thermal analysis techniques. Int J Thermophys 2010; 31: 1919–1927.

Palabiyik

Bahadur

. Tribological studies of polyamide 6 and high-density polyethylene blends filled with PTFE and copper oxide and reinforced with short glass fibers. Wear 2002; 253: 369–376.

Aouadi

Paudel

Luster

. Adaptive Mo₂N/MoS₂/Ag tribological nanocomposite coatings for aerospace applications. Tribol Lett 2008; 29: 95–103.

Burris

Sawyer

. Improved wear resistance in alumina–PTFE nanocomposites with irregular shaped nanoparticles. Wear 2006; 260: 915–918.

Burris

Sawyer

. A low friction and ultralow wear rate PEEK/PTFE composite. Wear 2006; 261: 410–418.

Burris

Boesl

Bourne

. Polymeric nanocomposites for tribological applications. Macromol Mater Eng 2007; 292: 387–402.

Muratore

Voevodin

. Silver diffusion and high-temperature lubrication mechanisms of YSZ-Ag-Mo based nanocomposite coatings. Compos Sci Technol 2007; 67: 336–347.

McCook

Burris

Bourne

. Wear resistant solid lubricant coating made from PTFE and epoxy. Tribol Lett 2005; 18: 119–124.

Muratore

Voevodin

. Molybdenum disulfide as a lubricant and catalyst in adaptive nanocomposite coatings. Surf Coat Technol 2006; 201: 4125–4130.

10.

Muratore

Voevodin

. Tribology of adaptive nanocomposite yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings containing silver and molybdenum from 25 to 700℃. Wear 2006; 261: 797–805.

11.

Muratore

Voevodin

. Multilayered YSZ–Ag–Mo/TiN adaptive tribological nanocomposite coatings. Tribol Lett 2006; 24: 201–206.

12.

McCook

Burris

Dickrell

. Cryogenic friction behavior of PTFE based solid lubricant composites. Tribol Lett 2005; 20: 109–113.

13.

Muratore

Voevodin

. Adaptive nanocomposite coatings with a titanium nitride diffusion barrier mask for high-temperature tribological applications. Thin Solid Films 2007; 515: 3638–3643.

14.

Spitalsky

Tasis

Papagelis

. Carbon nanotube-polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog Polym Sci 2010; 35: 357–401.

15.

Iijima

. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991; 354: 56–58.

16.

Wong

Sheehan

Lieber

. Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 1997; 277: 1971–1975.

17.

Liu

Zhou

Pan

. Experimental and analysis of the mechanical behaviors of multi-walled nanotubes/polyurethane nanoweb-reinforced epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2013; 32: 823–834.

18.

Bin

Kitanaka

Zhu

. Development of highly oriented polyethylene filled with aligned carbon nanotubes by gelation/crystallization from solutions. Macromolecules 2003; 36: 6213–6219.

19.

Tang

Santare

Advani

. Melt processing and mechanical property characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube high density polyethylene composite films. Carbon 2003; 41: 2779–2785.

20.

Xiao

Zhang

Cao

. Dispersion and mechanical properties of polypropylene/multiwall carbon nanotubes composites obtained via dynamic packing injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 104: 1880–1886.

21.

Cheng

. Mechanical and tribological properties of MWCNTs-reinforced thermoplastic poly(p-oxybenzoate) composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2012; 31: 785–795.

22.

Dang

Wang

Zhang

. Surface functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotube with trifluorophenyl. J Nanomater 2006; 83583: 1–5.

23.

Fischer

. Chemical doping of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 2002; 35: 1079–1086.

24.

Kim

Nair

Lee

. Covalent functionalization of singlewalled carbon nanotubes alters their densities allowing electronic and other types of separation. J Phys Chem C 2008; 112(19): 7326–7331.

25.

Zhu

Minami

Kazaoui

. Fluorescent chromophore functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes with minimal alteration to their characteristic one-dimensional electronic states. J Mater Chem 2003; 13(9): 2196–2201.

26.

Yumura

Kertesz

Iijima

. Confinement effects on sitepreferences for cycloadditions into carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2007; 444(1–3): 155–160.

27.

Zhang

. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites based on amino group-terminated multi-wall carbon nanotubes and bismaleimide resin. J Reinf Plast Compos 2012; 31: 915–923.

28.

Shin

Lee

. DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid fibers for supercapacitors and artificial muscles. Adv Mater 2008; 20(3): 466–470.

29.

Ayesh

Ibrahim

Aljaafari

. Electrical, optical, and rheological properties of ozone-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes-polystyrene nanocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2013; 32: 359–370.

30.

Ayesh

Ibrahim

Abdeen

. Low percolation threshold of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes-polycarbonate nanocomposites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2012; 31: 1113–1123.

31.

Zhang

Shi

Fang

. Preparation and modification of carbon nanotubes. Mater Lett 2005; 59(29–30): 4044–4047.

32.

Lefrant

Buisson

Schreiber

. Raman studies of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanotube composites. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 2004; 415: 125–132.

33.

Liu

Rinzler

Dai

. Fullerene pipes. Science 1998; 280: 1253–1256.

34.

Mawhinney

Naumenko

Kuznetsova

. Infrared spectral evidence for the etching of carbon nanotubes: ozone oxidation at 298 K. J Am Chem Soc 2000; 122: 2383–2384.

35.

Haque

Larsen

. Crystallization and mechanical properties of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes/polyvinylidene fluoride composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2012; 31(21): 1417–1425.

36.

Huang

. Rare earths coordinate chemistry (in Chinese), Beijing: Science Publishing House, 1997.

37.

Nyquist

. Interpreting infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001.

38.

Bai Y, Xue JM, Li ZH, et al. Preparation and characterization of Fe(II)EDTA in the system of nitric oxide removal by chelate absorption. In: Proceedings of clean and efficient power generation and low carbon development conference, Hangzhou, China, 2010, pp. 1–9.

39.

Yuang

Young

. Microstructure and mechanical properties of pitch-based carbon fibres. J Mater Sci 1994; 29: 4027–4036.

40.

Ruan

Gao

Yang

. Toughening high performance ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Polymer 2003; 44: 5643–5654.

41.

Baibarac

Baltog

Lefrant

. Spectroscopic evidence for the bulk polymerization of N-vinyl carbazole in the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Polymer 2007; 48: 5279–5288.

42.

Yokoi

Iwamatsu

Komai

. Chemical modification of carbon nanotubes with organic hydrazines. Carbon 2005; 43: 2869–2874.

43.

Pearson

. Hard and soft acids and bases. J Am Chem Soc 1963; 85: 3533–3539.

44.

Meng

Sui

Fang

. Effects of acid- and diamine-modified MWNTs on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polyamide 6. Polymer 2008; 49: 610–620.

45.

Shaffer

MSP

Windle

. Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. Adv Mater 1999; 11: 937–941.

46.

Lee

Pejanovic

Mondragon

. Dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/polyisoprene (PI) nanocomposites in electric and mechanical fields. Polymer 2007; 48: 7345–7355.

47.

Koo

Structure and mechanical properties of fluoropolymers. In: Wall

(eds). Fluoropolymers, NY/London/Sydney/Toronto: Wiley-Interscience, 1972, pp. 409–438. (Russian transl., Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1975).

48.

Wang

Deng

Wang

. Morphology, crystallization, and mechanical properties of PET/MWCNT nanocomposites via in situ polymerization with very low content of MWCNT. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 104: 3695–3701.