To report and review the use of cytokines for the treatment of clozapine-induced neutropenia.
Method:
Case report and review of literature.
Results:
Cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), appear to shorten the duration of clozapine-induced neutropenia.
Conclusions:
G-CSF or GM-CSF therapy should be considered in patients with profound neutropenia of prolonged duration (high-risk neutropenia).
EreshefskyLWatanabeMDTran-JohnsonTK. Clozapine: An atypical antipsychotic agent. Clinical Pharmacy1994;8:691–709.
2.
AydFJJr.Clozapine 1994: Clinical considerations. International Drug Therapy Newsletter1994;29:21–8.
3.
PitnerJKMintzerJEPennypackerLCJacksonCW. Efficacy and adverse effects of clozapine in four elderly psychotic patients. J Clin Psychiatry1995;56:180–5.
4.
WolkSIDouglasCJ. Clozapine treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: A report of five consecutive cases. J Clin Psychiatry1992;53:373–6.
5.
PeacockLGerlachJ.Clozapine treatment in Denmark: Concomitant psychotropic medication and hematologic monitoring in a system with liberal usage practices. J Clin Psychiatry1994;55:44–9.
6.
SaffermanAZLiebermanJAAlvirJMJHowardA.Rechallenge in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Lancet1992;339:1296–7.
7.
KuppPBarnesP.Leponex-associated granulocytopenia: A review of the situation. Psychopharmacology1989;99:118S–121S.
8.
CatesMLuskKWellsBGGuthrieTCWestM.Non-leukopenic neutropenia in a patient treated with clozapine. N Engl J Med1992;326:840–1.
9.
LiebermanJAKaneJMJohnsCA. Clozapine: Guidelines for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry1989;50:329–38.
10.
BodeyBPBuckleyMSatheYSFreireichEJ. Quantitative relationship between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med1966;64:328–40.
11.
CrawfordJOzerHStollerR, and others. Reduction by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med1991;325:164–70.
12.
NemunaitisJRabinoweSNSingerJW, and others. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid cancer. N Engl J Med1991;324:1773–8.
13.
NielsenH.Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (fhG-CSF; filgrastim) treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. J Intern Med1993;234:529–31.
14.
LordBIBronchudMHOwensS, and others. The kinetics of human granulopoiesis following treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1989;86:9499–503.
15.
LordBIGurneyHChangJThatcherNCrowtherDDexterTM. Haemopoietic cell kinetic in humans treated with rGM-CSF. Int J Cancer1992;50:26–31.
16.
LindemannAHerrmannFOsterWHaffnerGMeyenburgWSouzaLM, and others. Hematologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with malignancy. Blood1989;74:2644–51.
17.
LambertiJSBellnierTJSchwarzkopfSBSchneiderE.Filgrastim treatment of three patients with clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. J Clin Psychiatry1995;56:256–9.
18.
RaisonCLGuzeBHKissellRL. Successful treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Psychopharmacol1994;14:285–6.
19.
TeitelbaumAHBellAJBrownSL. Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) reversal of drug-induced agranulocytosis. Am J Med1993;95:245–6.
20.
GersonSLGullionGYehHSMasorC.Granulocyte colony-stimulation factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Lancet1992;340:1097.
21.
BarnasCZwierzinaHHummerMSperner-UnterwegerBSternAFleischhackeWW. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: A case report. J Clin Psychiatry1992;53:245–7.
22.
GullionGYehJS. Treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Psychiatry1994;55:401–5.
23.
RyabikBMNguyenVTMannRMSmithJDLippmannSB. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and colony stimulating cytokines. Gen Hosp Psychiatry1993;15:263–5.
WeideRKopplerHHeymannsJPflugerKHHavemannK.Successful treatment of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Br J Haematol1992;80:557–9.
26.
GerbigCBMarksLW. The treatment of clozapine and molindone-induced agranulocytosis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Ann Pharmacother1993;27:1190–2.
27.
JakubowskiAASouzaLKellyF, and others. Effects of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a patient with idiopathic neutropenia. N Engl J Med1989;320:38–42.
28.
HammondWPIVPriceTHSouzaLMDaleDC. Treatment of cyclic neutropenia with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. N Engl J Med1989;320:1306–11.
29.
SprikkelmanAde WolfJVellengaE.The application of hematopoietic growth factors in drug-induced agranulocytosis: A review of 70 cases. Leukemia1994;8:2031–6.
30.
PisciottaABKoningsSACiesemierLLCronkiteCELiebermanJA. On the possible mechanisms and predictability of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Drug Saf1992;7(1 Suppl):33S–44S.
31.
GersonSLMeltzerH.Mechanisms of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Drug Saf1992;7(1 Suppl):17S–25S.
32.
PfisterGMHansonORRoerigJLLandbloomRPopkinMK. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in a Native American: HLA typing and further support of an immune-mediated mechanism. J Clin Psychiatry1992;53:242–4.
33.
ClaasFHJAbbottPAWitvlietMDd'AmaroJBarnesPMKruppP.No direct clinical relevance of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Drug Saf1992;7(1 Suppl):3S–6S.
34.
LiebermanJAJohnsCAKaneJMRaiKPisciottaAVSaltzBL, and others. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: Non-cross-reactivity with other psychotropic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry1988;49:271–7.
35.
MilesCP. Conditions predisposing to suicide: A review. J Nerv Ment Dis1977;164:231–46.
36.
GelenbergAJ. Eosinophilia, neutropenia, and clozapine. Biological Therapies in Psychiatry1993;16:21–2.
37.
BanovMDTohenMFriedbergJ.High risk of eosinophilia in women treated with clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry1993;54:466–9.
38.
ThhonenJPaanilaJ.Eosinophilia associated with clozapine. Lancet1992;339:488.
