This paper considers the limits and potential of ‘urban metabolism’ to conceptualize city processes. Three ‘ecologies’ of urban metabolism have emerged. Each privileges a particular dimension of urban space, shaped by epistemology, politics, and model-making. Marxist ecologies theorize urban metabolism as hybridized socio-natures that (re)produce uneven outcomes; industrial ecology, as stocks and flows of materials and energy; and urban ecology, as complex socio-ecological systems. We demarcate these scholarly islands through bibliometric analysis and literature review, and draw on cross-domain mapping theory to unveil how the metaphor has become stagnant in each. To reinvigorate this research, the paper proposes the development of political–industrial ecology, using urban metabolism as a boundary metaphor.
AlbertiM (1999) Modeling the urban ecosystem: A conceptual framework. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design26(4): 605–630.
2.
AlbertiM (2008) Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. New York: Springer.
3.
AngeloHWachsmuthD (2014) Urbanizing urban political ecology: A critique of methodological cityism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.12105.
4.
AyresRU (1989) Industrial metabolism. In: Technology and Environment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 23–49.
5.
AyresRU (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
6.
AyresRUKneeseAV (1969) Production, consumption, and externalities. The American Economic Review59(3): 282–297.
7.
BacciniP (1996) Understanding regional metabolism for a sustainable development of urban systems. Journal of Urban Technology4(2): 27–39.
8.
BacciniP (1997) A city’s metabolism: Towards the sustainable development of urban systems. Journal of Urban Technology4(2): 27–39.
9.
BacciniPBrunnerPH (1991) Metabolism of the Anthroposphere. Berlin: Springer.
10.
BakkerK (2003) Archipelagos and networks: Urbanization and water privatization in the South. The Geographical Journal169(4): 328–341.
11.
BakkerK (2005) Neoliberalizing nature? Market environmentalism in water supply in England and Wales. Annals of the Association of American Geographers95(3): 542–565.
12.
BakkerK (2013) Constructing ‘public’ water: The World Bank, urban water supply, and the biopolitics of development. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space31(2): 280–300.
13.
BarlesS (2007a) Feeding the city: Food consumption and flow of nitrogen, Paris, 1801–1914. The Science of the Total Environment375(1–3): 48–58.
14.
BarlesS (2007b) Urban metabolism and river systems: An historical perspective – Paris and the Seine, 1790–1970. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions4(3): 1845–1878.
15.
BarlesS (2009) Urban metabolism of Paris and its region. Journal of Industrial Ecology13(6): 898–913.
16.
BarnesTJ (1996) Logics of Dislocation: Models, Metaphors, and Meanings of Economic Space. New York: Guilford Press.
17.
BarnesTJ (2010) Taking the pulse of the dead: History and philosophy of geography, 2008–2009. Progress in Human Geography34(5): 668–677.
18.
BarnesTJCurryMR (1992) Postmodernism in economic geography: Metaphor and the construction of alterity. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space10(1): 57–68.
19.
BarnesTJSheppardE (2010) ‘Nothing includes everything’: Towards engaged pluralism in Anglophone economic geography. Progress in Human Geography34(2): 193–214.
20.
BergmannL (2013) Bound by chains of carbon: Ecological–economic geographies of globalization. Annals of the Association of American Geographers103(6): 1348–1370.
21.
BergmannLSheppardEPlummerPS (2009) Capitalism beyond harmonious equilibrium: Mathematics as if human agency mattered. Environment and Planning A41(2): 265–283.
22.
BlackM (1962) Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
23.
BrandFSJaxK (2007) Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: Resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society12(1): 23.
24.
BrennerN (2013) Theses on urbanization. Public Culture25(1/69): 85–114.
25.
BrennerNMaddenDJWachsmuthD (2011) Assemblage urbanism and the challenges of critical urban theory. City15(2): 225–240.
26.
BrotoVCAllenARapoportE (2012) Interdisciplinary perspectives on urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology16(6): 851–861.
27.
BrotoVCBulkeleyH (2013) Maintaining climate change experiments: Urban political ecology and the everyday reconfiguration of urban infrastructure. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research37(6): 1934–1948.
28.
BrownK (2014) Global environmental change I: A social turn for resilience?Progress in Human Geography38(1): 107–117.
29.
BuddsJ (2009) Contested H2O: Science, policy and politics in water resources management in Chile. Geoforum40(3): 418–430.
30.
BuddsJ (2013) Water, power, and the production of neoliberalism in Chile, 1973–2005. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space31(2): 301–318.
31.
BurgessEW (1925) The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. Publications of the American Sociological SocietyXVIII: 85–97.
32.
BurströmFBrandtNFrostellBMohlanderU (1997) Material flow accounting and information for environmental policies in the city of Stockholm. In: ConAccount Conference, Parallel Session C: MFA for Regional and Local Materials, 11–12September, Wuppertal, Germany.
33.
BuzzelliM (2008) A political ecology of scale in urban air pollution monitoring. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers33(4): 502–517.
34.
ChertowMR (2000) Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment25(1): 313–337.
35.
ChertowMR (2008) ‘Uncovering’ industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology11(1): 11–30.
36.
ClarkeAEStarSL (2008) The social worlds framework: A theory/methods package. In: HackettEAmsterdamskaOLynchMWajcmanJ (eds) The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 113–37.
37.
ClausenRClarkB (2005) The metabolic rift and marine ecology: An analysis of the ocean crisis within capitalist production. Organization and Environment18(4): 422–444.
38.
CohenA (2012) Rescaling environmental governance: Watersheds as boundary objects at the intersection of science, neoliberalism, and participation. Environment and Planning A44(9): 2207–2224.
39.
CookeJLewisR (2010) The nature of circulation: The urban political ecology of Chicago’s Michigan Avenue Bridge, 1909–1930. Urban Geography31(3): 348–368.
40.
CousinsJCNewellJP (2015) A political–industrial ecology of water supply infrastructure for Los Angeles. Geoforum. DOI:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.011.
41.
CresswellT (1997) Weeds, plagues, and bodily secretions: A geographical interpretation of metaphors of displacement. Annals of the Association of American Geographers87(2): 330–345.
42.
CrononW (1991) Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton.
43.
CussóXGarrabouRTelloE (2006) Social metabolism in an agrarian region of Catalonia (Spain) in 1860–1870: Flows, energy balance and land use. Ecological Economics58(1): 49–65.
44.
DeckerEHElliottSSmithFABlakeDRRowlandFS (2000) Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Annual Review of Energy and Environment25: 685–740.
45.
DesforGKeilR (2004) Nature and the City: Making Environmental Policy in Toronto and Los Angeles. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
46.
DomínguezRFFoguéU (2013) Technifying public space and publicizing infrastructures: Exploring new urban political ecologies through the Square of General Vara del Rey. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research37(3): 1035–1052.
47.
Fischer-KowalskiM (1998) Society’s metabolism: The intellectual history of materials flow analysis, Part I, 1860–1970. Journal of Industrial Ecology2(1): 61–78.
48.
Fischer-KowalskiMHüttlerW (1998) Society’s metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology2(4): 107–136.
49.
Fischer-KowalskiMWeiszH (1999) Society as hybrid between material and symbolic realms: Toward a theoretical framework of society-nature interaction. Advances in Human Ecology8: 215–251.
50.
ForsythT (2003) Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science. New York: Routledge.
51.
FosterJB (1999) Marx’s theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology105(2): 366–405.
52.
FosterJB (2000) Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press.
53.
FroschRA (1992) Industrial ecology: A philosophical introduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences89(3): 800–803.
54.
GandyM (2002) Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
55.
GandyM (2004) Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city. City8(3): 363–379.
56.
GandyM (2005) Cyborg urbanization: Complexity and monstrosity in the contemporary city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research29(1): 26–49.
57.
GibbsDDeutzP (2005) Implementing industrial ecology? Planning for eco-industrial parks in the USA. Geoforum36(4): 452–464.
58.
GirardetH (1992) The Gaia Atlas of Cities: New Directions for Sustainable Urban Living. London: Gaia Books.
59.
GoldmanM (2009) Constructing connectivity: Conservation corridors and conservation politics in East African rangelands. Annals of the Association of American Geographers99(2): 335–359.
60.
GolubiewskiN (2012a) Is there a metabolism of an urban ecosystem? An ecological critique. Ambio41(7): 751–764.
61.
GolubiewskiN (2012b) The power of language in feedback metaphors: A response to Kennedy. Ambio41(7): 767–768.
62.
GrimmNBFaethSHGolubiewskiNERedmanCLWuJBaiXBriggsJM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science319(5864): 756–760.
63.
GrimmNBGroveJMPickettSTARedmanC (2000) Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience50(7): 571–584.
64.
GroveK (2009) Rethinking the nature of urban environmental politics: Security, subjectivity, and the non-human. Geoforum40(2): 207–216.
65.
HaberlH (2006) The global socioeconomic energetic metabolism as a sustainability problem. Energy31(1): 87–99.
66.
HagermanC (2007) Shaping neighborhoods and nature: Urban political ecologies of urban waterfront transformations in Portland, Oregon. Cities24(4): 285–297.
67.
HanyaTAmbeY (1976) A study on the metabolism of cities. In: Science for a Better Environment. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
68.
HarawayDJ (1988) Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies14(3): 575–599.
69.
HarawayDJ (1991) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
70.
HarveyD (1996) Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
71.
HartwickER (2000) Towards a geographical politics of consumption. Environment and Planning A32(7): 1177–1192.
72.
HendriksCObernostererRMüllerDKytziaSBacciniPBrunnerPH (2000) Material flow analysis: A tool to support environmental policy decision making: Case-studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands. Local Environment5(3): 311–328.
73.
HessG (2010) The ecosystem: Model or metaphor?Journal of Industrial Ecology14(2): 270–285.
74.
HeynenN (2006) Green urban political ecologies: Toward a better understanding of inner-city environmental change. Environment and Planning A38(3): 499–516.
75.
HeynenN (2014) Urban political ecology I: The urban century. Progress in Human Geography38(4): 598–604.
76.
HeynenNKaikaMSwyngedouwE (2006) Urban political ecology: Politicizing the production of urban natures. In: HeynenNKaikaMSwyngedouwE (eds) In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. New York: Routledge, 1–20.
77.
HeynenNPerkinsHARoyP (2006) The political ecology of uneven urban green space: The impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review42(1): 3–25.
78.
HolifieldR (2009) Actor-network theory as a critical approach to environmental justice: A case against synthesis with urban political ecology. Antipode41(4): 637–658.
79.
HuangSL (1998) Urban ecosystems, energetic hierarchies, and ecological economics of Taipei metropolis. Journal of Environmental Management52(1): 39–51.
80.
HuangSLHsuWL (2003) Materials flow analysis and emergy evaluation of Taipei’s urban construction. Landscape and Urban Planning63(2): 61–74.
81.
IorisAAR (2012) Applying the strategic-relational approach to urban political ecology: The water management problems of the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Antipode44(1): 122–150.
82.
JelinskiLWGraedelTELaudiseRAMcCallDWPatelCK (1992) Industrial ecology: Concepts and approaches. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences89(3): 793–797.
83.
KaikaM (2003) Constructing scarcity and sensationalising water politics: 170 days that shook Athens. Antipode35(5): 919–954.
84.
KaikaM (2005) City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City. New York: Routledge.
85.
KaikaMSwyngedouwE (2000) Fetishizing the modern city: The phantasmagoria of urban technological networks. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research24(1): 120–138.
86.
KeilRBoudreauJA (2006) Metropolitics and metabolics: Rolling out environmentalism in Toronto. In: HeynenNKaikaMSwyngedouwE (eds) In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. New York: Routledge, 41–62.
87.
KeilRDesforG (2003) Ecological modernisation in Los Angeles and Toronto. Local Environment8(1): 27–44.
88.
KennedyCBakerLDhakalSRamaswamiA (2012) Sustainable urban systems. Journal of Industrial Ecology16(6): 775–779.
89.
KennedyCCuddihyJEngel-YanJ (2007) The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology11(2): 43–59.
90.
KennedyCPincetlSBunjeP (2011) The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution159(8–9): 1965–1973.
91.
KesslerMM (1963) Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. American Documentation14(1): 10–25.
92.
KonarMDalinCSuweisSHanasakiNRinaldoARodriguez-IturbeI (2011) Water for food: The global virtual water trade network. Water Resources Research47W05520. DOI:10.1029/2010WR010307.
93.
KooyMBakkerK (2008) Splintered networks: The colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta. Geoforum39(6): 1843–1858.
94.
KrausmannFHaberlH (2002) The process of industrialization from the perspective of energetic metabolism: Socioeconomic energy flows in Austria 1830–1995. Ecological Economics41: 177–201.
95.
KrausmannFHaberlHSchulzNBErbKHDargeEGaubeV (2003) Land-use change and socio-economic metabolism in Austria: Part I: Driving forces of land-use change, 1950–1995. Land Use Policy20: 1–20.
96.
LakoffG (1993) The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: OrtonyA (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn. New York: Cambridge University Press.
97.
LakoffGJohnsonM (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98.
LatourB (1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
99.
LauLPasquiniM (2008) ‘Jack of all trades’? The negotiation of interdisciplinarity within geography. Geoforum39(2): 552–560.
100.
LavoisierAL (1789) Traite elemntaire de chimie. In: Presente dans un Ordre Nouveau et d’apres les Decouvertes Moderns. Paris: Chez Chuchet.
101.
LawhonM (2013) Flows, friction and the sociomaterial metabolization of alcohol. Antipode45(3): 681–701.
LewisPA (1996) Metaphor and critical realism. Review of Social Economy54(4): 487–506.
104.
LikensGE (1992) The ecosystem approach: Its use and abuse. In: KinneO (ed.) Excellence in Ecology. Oldendorf: Ecology Institute, 166.
105.
LinZ (2010) Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan. New York: Routledge.
106.
LoftusA (2012) Everyday Environmentalism: Creating an Urban Political Ecology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
107.
LugschitzBBrucknerMGiljumS (2011) Europe’s global land demand. A study on the actual land embodie in European imports and exports of agricultural and forestry products. Vienna: Sustainable Europe Research Institute.
108.
LuhmannN (1984) Soziale systeme. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
109.
MarchH (2013) Taming, controlling and metabolizing flows: Water and the urbanization process of Barcelona and Madrid (1850–2012). European Urban and Regional Studies. DOI: 10.1177/0969776412474665.
110.
MarvinSMeddW (2006) Metabolisms of obecity: Flows of fat through bodies, cities, and sewers. Environment and Planning A38(2): 313–324.
111.
MarxK (1976) Capital, Vol. 1. New York: Vintage.
112.
MarxK (1981) Capital, Vol. 3. New York: Vintage.
113.
MasseyD (1999) Negotiating disciplinary boundaries. Current Sociology47(4): 5–12.
114.
McClintockN (2010) Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society3(2): 191–207.
115.
McFarlaneC (2011) The city as assemblage: Dwelling and urban space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space29(4): 649–671.
116.
McFarlaneC (2013) Metabolic inequalities in Mumbai. City17(4): 498–503.
117.
MillingtonN (2013) Post-industrial imaginaries: Nature, representation and ruin in Detroit, Michigan. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research37(1): 279–296.
118.
MoleschottJ (1852) Der kreislauf des lebens. Mainz: Von Zabern.
119.
MonstadtJ (2009) Conceptualizing the political ecology of urban infrastructures: Insights from technology and urban studies. Environment and Planning A41(8): 1924–1942.
120.
MooreJW (2000) Environmental crises and the metabolic rift in world-historical perspective. Organization and Environment13(2): 123–157.
121.
MorrisSAVan der Veer MartensB (2008) Mapping research specialties. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology42(1): 213–295.
122.
National Academies (2005) Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
123.
NewcombeKKalmaJDAstonAR (1978) The metabolism of a city: The case of Hong Kong. Ambio7(1): 3–15.
124.
NewellJPVosRO (2011) ‘Papering’ over space and place: Product carbon footprint modeling in the global paper industry. Annals of the Association of American Geographers101(4): 730–741.
125.
NewellJPVosRO (2012) Accounting for forest carbon pool dynamics in product carbon footprints: Challenges and opportunities. Environmental Impact Assessment Review37: 23–36.
126.
NewmanPW (1999) Sustainability and cities: Extending the metabolism model. Landscape and Urban Planning44(4): 219–226.
127.
NgoNSPatakiDE (2008) The energy and mass balance of Los Angeles County. Urban Ecosystems11(2): 121–139.
128.
NizaSRosadoLFerrãoP (2009) Urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology13(3): 384–405.
129.
OdumEP (1953) Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
130.
OdumEP (1968) Energy flow in ecosystems: A historical review. American Zoologist8(1): 11–18.
131.
OdumEP (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science164(3877): 262–270.
132.
OdumHT (1983) System Ecology: An Introduction. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
133.
OdumHT (1996) Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ParkRE (1936) Human ecology. American Journal of Sociology42(1): 1–15.
136.
PerssonO (2010) Identifying research themes with weighted direct citation links. Journal of Informetrics4(3): 415–422.
137.
PerssonODanellRWilbor SchneiderJ (2009) How to use Bibexcel for various types of bibliometric analysis. In: AstromFDanellRLarsenBSchneiderJW (eds) Celebrating Scholarly Communication Studies: A Festschrift for Olle Persson at his 60th Birthday. Leuven: International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics, 9–24Available at: http://www8.umu.se/inforsk/Bibexcel/.
138.
PerssonOEllegårdK (2012) Torsten Hägerstrand in the citation time web. The Professional Geographer64(2): 250–261.
139.
PickettSTACadenassoMLGroveJM (2004) Resilient cities: Meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning69(4): 369–384.
140.
PincetlS (2012) Nature, urban development and sustainability: What new elements are needed for a more comprehensive understanding?Cities29(2): S32–S37.
141.
PincetlSBunjePHolmesT (2012) An expanded urban metabolism method: Toward a systems approach for assessing urban energy processes and causes. Landscape and Urban Planning107(3): 193–202.
142.
PurcellM (2003) Islands of practice and the Marston/Brenner debate: Toward a more synthetic critical human geography. Progress in Human Geography27(3): 317–332.
143.
QuastelN (2009) Political ecologies of gentrification. Urban Geography30(7): 694–725.
144.
RamaswamiAWeibleCMainDHeikkilaTSiddikiSDuvallAPattisonABernardM (2012) A social-ecological-infrastructural systems framework for interdisciplinary study of sustainable city systems. Journal of Industrial Ecology16(6): 801–813.
145.
RichardsIA (1936) The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
146.
RobbinsP (2012) Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. 2nd edn. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
147.
RobbinsP (2013) Choosing metaphors for the anthropocene: Cultural and political ecologies. In: The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Cultural Geography. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
148.
SahelyHRDuddingSKennedyC (2003) Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto area case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering30(2): 468–483.
149.
SanctoriusS (1712 [1614]) Medicina Statica: Being the Aphorismi of Sanctorius, trans. QuincyJ. London: William Newton.
150.
SchandlHSchulzN (2002) Changes in the United Kingdom’s natural relations in terms of society’s metabolism and land-use from 1850 to the present day. Ecological Economics41: 203–221.
151.
SchoenbergerE (2001) Interdisciplinarity and social power. Progress in Human Geography25(3): 365–382.
152.
SchulzNB (2007) The direct material inputs into Singapore’s development. Journal of Industrial Ecology11(2): 117–131.
153.
SchwannT (1839) Mikroskopische untersuchungen über die uebereinstimmung in der struktur und dem wachsthum der thiere und pflanzen. Berlin: Sander’sche buchhandlung.
154.
SchwannT (1847) Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. London: Syndenham Society.
155.
SheppardE (2010) Geographical political economy. Journal of Economic Geography11(2): 319–331.
156.
ShibataNKajikawaYTakedaYMatsushimaK (2009) Comparative study on methods of detecting research fronts using different types of citation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology60(3): 571–580.
157.
SmallH (1973) Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science24(4): 265–269.
158.
SmallH (1999) Visualizing science by citation mapping. Journal of the American Society for Information Science50(1973): 799–813.
159.
SmithN (2008) Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space, 3rd edn. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
160.
SmithNKatzC (1993) Grounding metaphor: Towards a spatialized politics. In: PileSKeithM (eds) Place and Politics of Identity. New York: Routledge, 66–81.
161.
StanhillG (1976) An urban agro-ecosystem: The example of nineteenth-century Paris. Agro-Ecosystems3: 269–284.
162.
StarSL (2010) This is not a boundary object: Reflections on the origin of a concept. Science, Technology & Human Values35(5): 601–617.
163.
StarSLGriesemerJR (1989) Institutional ecology, ‘translations’ and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39. Social Studies of Science19(3): 387–420.
164.
SuiDDeLyserD (2011) Crossing the qualitative-quantitative chasm I: Hybrid geographies, the spatial turn, and volunteered geographic information (VGI). Progress in Human Geography36(1): 111–124.
165.
SwyngedouwE (1996) The city as a hybrid: On nature, society and cyborg urbanization. Capitalism Nature Socialism7(2): 65–80.
166.
SwyngedouwE (2004) Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
167.
SwyngedouwE (2006a) Circulations and metabolisms: (Hybrid) natures and (cyborg) cities. Science as Culture15(2): 105–121.
168.
SwyngedouwE (2006b) Metabolic urbanization: The making of cyborg cities. In: HeynenNKaikaMSwyngedouwE (eds) In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. New York: Routledge, 21–40.
169.
SwyngedouwE (2009) The political economy and political ecology of the hydro-social cycle. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education142(1): 56–60.
170.
SwyngedouwE (2013) Into the sea: Desalination as hydro-social fix in Spain. Annals of the Association of American Geographers103(2): 261–270.
171.
SwyngedouwEHeynenNC (2003) Urban political ecology, justice and the politics of scale. Antipode35(5): 898–918.
172.
TansleyAG (1935) The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology16(3): 284–307.
173.
ThriftN (2002) The future of geography. Geoforum33(3): 291–298.
174.
TsingAL (2005) Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
175.
von LiebigJ (1842) Animal Chemistry or Organic Chemistry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology. New York: Johnson Reprint.
176.
von LiebigJ (1859) Letters on Modern Agriculture. London: Walton and Maberly.
177.
WachsmuthD (2012) Three ecologies: Urban metabolism and the society-nature opposition. The Sociological Quarterly53(4): 506–523.
178.
WackernagelMReesWE (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers.
179.
Warren-RhodesKKoenigA (2001) Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971–1997. Ambio30(7): 429–438.
180.
WeiszH (2011) The probability of the improbable: Society-nature coevolution. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography93(4): 325–336.
181.
WeiszHClarkE (2011) Society-nature coevolution: Interdisciplinary concept for sustainability. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography93(4): 281–287.
WiedmannTOSchandlHLenzenMMoranDSuhSWestJKanemotoK (2013) The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220362110.
184.
WittmanH (2009) Reworking the metabolic rift: La Vía Campesina, agrarian citizenship, and food sovereignty. Journal of Peasant Studies36(4): 805–826.
185.
WolmanA (1965) The metabolism of cities. Scientific American213(3): 179–190.
186.
WolmanMG (1977) Interdisciplinary education: A continuing experiment. Science198(4319): 800–804.
187.
ZhangYYangZLiuGYuX (2011) Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing. Ecological Modeling222(14): 2377–2384.
188.
ZucchettoJ (1975) Energy-economic theory and mathematical models for combining the systems of man and nature, case study: The urban region of Miami, Florida. Ecological Modeling1(4): 241–268.
