Thirty-two monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins and glycoproteins were tested for immunohistochemical reactivity with bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 45 cases of bovine viral diarrhea virus-associated mucosal disease. Only one antibody, designated 15C5, which reacts with the 48-kD glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus, detected an epitope preserved in these specimens. Monoclonal antibody 15C5 and a polyclonal antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus successfully detected bovine viral diarrhea viral antigens in 44/45 cases of mucosal disease and did not react with formalin-fixed tissues from 30 uninfected cattle. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in routinely fixed tissue specimens has advantages over other currently available techniques in terms of the convenience of specimen submission, the relative ease of method standardization, and the rapidity of the test, and by enabling identification of the virus in association with specific tissues, cell types, and histologic lesions.
AllanGMMcNultyMSBrysonDMackieDPlattenM:
Demonstration of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue using a strepavidin/biotin technique.
Res Vet Sci46:
416–418,
1989
2.
BelakKGimenoEJBelakS:
Demonstration of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigens in cell cultures and in paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the peroxidaseantiperoxidase (PAP) technique using monoclonal antibodies.
Acta Vet Scand30:
231–233,
1989
3.
Bielefeldt OhmannH:
Pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease: distribution and significance of BVD antigen in diseased calves.
Res Vet Sci34:
5–10,
1983
4.
Bielefeldt OhmannH:
In situ characterization of mononuclear leukocytes in skin and digestive tract of persistently bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected clinically healthy calves and calves with mucosal disease.
Vet Pathol25:
304–309,
1988
5.
BolinSR:
The current understanding about the pathogenesis and clinical forms of BVD.
Vet Med85:
1124–1139,
1990
6.
CayBChappuisGCoulibalyCDinterZEdwardsSGreiser-WilkieIGunnMHavePHessGJunttiNLiessBMateoAMcHughPMoennigVNeddletonPWensvoortG:
Comparative analysis of monoclonal antibodies against pestiviruses: report of an international workshop.
Vet Microbiol20:
123–129,
1989
7.
CabreyEABrownLNChowTLKahrsRFMcKercherDGReedDESmithiesLKTamogliaTW:
Recommended standard laboratory techniques for diagnosing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea and shipping fever (parainfluenza-3).
Proc US Anim Health Assoc75:
629–649,
1972
8.
CorapiWVDonisRODuboviEJ:
Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and their use in the study of the antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Am J Vet Res51:
1388–1394,
1990
9.
DeregtDMasriSAChoHJBielefeldt OhmannH:
Monoclonal antibodies to the p80/125 and gp53 proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus: their potential use as diagnostic reagents.
Can J Vet Res54:
343–348,
1990
10.
DonisROCorapiWDuboviEJ:
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus bind to the 56K and 58K glycoprotein.
J Gen Virol69:
77–86,
1988
11.
DonisRODuboviEJ:
Molecular specificity of the antibody responses of cattle naturally and experimentally infected with the cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes.
Am J Vet Res48:
1549–1554,
1987
12.
DuboviEJ:
The diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea infections: a laboratory view.
Vet Med85:
1133–1139,
1990.
13.
HainesDMChelackBJ:
Technical considerations for developing enzyme immunohistochemical staining procedures on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues for diagnostic pathology.
J Vet Diagn Invest3:
101–112,
1991
14.
HainesDMClarkEG:
Enzyme immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed tissues for diagnosis in veterinary pathology.
Can J Vet32:
295–302,
1991
15.
HewickerMWohrmannTFernandezATrautweinGLiessBMoennigV:
Immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in the central nervous system of persistently infected cattle using monoclonal antibodies.
Vet Microbiol23:
203–210,
1990
16.
KatzJBLundemannLPembertonJScmerrMJ:
Detection of bovine virus diarrhea virus in cell culture using an immunoperoxidase technique.
Vet Microbiol13:
153–157,
1987
17.
MeylingA:
Demonstration of VD-virus by the fluorescent antibody technique in cattle affected with bovine viral diarrhea (mucosal disease).
Acta Vet Scand11:
59–72,
1970
18.
MeylingA:
Demonstration of BVD virus in viremic cattle by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique.
In:
Recent Advances in Virus Diagnosis,
ed. McNultyMSMcFerranJB,
pp. 37–46.
Martinus Nijhoff,
Boston,
1984
19.
MoennigV:
Pestiviruses: a review.
Vet Microbiol23:
35–54,
1990
PetersWGreiser-WilkeIMoennigVLiessB:
Preliminary serological characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains using monoclonal antibodies.
Vet Microbiol12:
195–200,
1986
22.
RadostitsOMLittlejohnsIR:
New concepts in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Can Vet J29:
513–528,
1988
23.
RumenapfTMeyersGStarkRTheilH-J:
Hog cholera virus—characterization of specific antiserum and identification of cDNA clones.
Virology171:
18–27,
1989
24.
SmithGHCollinsJKCarmanJMinochaHC:
Detection of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus in cell culture with an immunoperoxidase test.
J Virol Methods19:
319–324,
1988
25.
WardACSKaeberleML:
Use of an immunoperoxidase stain for the demonstration of bovine viral diarrhea virus by light and electron microscope.
Am J Vet Res45:
165–170,
1984
26.
WeilandEThielH-JHessGWeilandF:
Development of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus after pretreatment of mice with normal bovine cells and cyclophosphamide.
J Virol Methods24:
237–244,
1989
27.
WensvoortGTerpstraCDe KluijverEPKragtenCWarnaarJC:
Antigenic differentiation of pestivirus strains with monoclonal antibodies against hog cholera virus.
Vet Microbiol21:
9–20,
1989
28.
XueWBlechaFMinochaHC:
Antigenic variations in bovine viral diarrhea viruses detected by monoclonal antibodies.
J Clin Microbiol28:
1688–1693,
1990
