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Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated the 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) and 95% effective dose (ED₉₅) of butorphanol tartrate in patients undergoing painless gastroscopy.

Methods

Patients who underwent painless gastroscopy at Binzhou Medical University Hospital were divided into the youth, middle-aged, and older groups. The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ required for successful sedation using butorphanol tartrate were measured using the Dixon up-and-down method in patients in the different age groups. Patients in each group were administered intravenous butorphanol 5 minutes before gastroscopy. Each patient was administered 2 mg/kg propofol. The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of butorphanol were calculated using probit analysis.

Results

In total, 95 patients were included. The ED₅₀s of butorphanol in the youth, middle-aged, and older groups were 7.384, 6.657, and 6.364 μg/kg, respectively. The ED₉₅s of butorphanol doses in these groups were 9.108, 8.419, and 7.348 μg/kg, respectively.

Conclusions

The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ varied among the age groups, indicating that the effective dose decreases with age.

Keywords

Butorphanol propofol gastroscopy effective dose analgesia adverse event sequential method

Introduction

With rapid developments in medicine, patient comfort during treatment has become an increasingly important area of focus. Modern gastroscopy has become popular because it alleviates patient anxiety, minimizes discomfort during the procedure, and increases the success rate and efficiency of disease diagnosis.^1,2 Propofol is commonly used during painless gastroscopy because of its rapid onset, ease of arousal, and controllability. However, the analgesic effects of propofol are limited, and its administration alone necessitates large doses and causes various side effects.³ Consequently, propofol is often used in combination with other analgesic drugs in clinical practice.⁴

Butorphanol is a mixed opioid receptor agonist and antagonist that provides effective visceral analgesia, alleviates respiratory depression, and effectively reduces the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain.⁵ Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the butorphanol–propofol combination for gastroscopy, reporting its rapid onset, minimal adverse effects, and high levels of safety and reliability.^6,7 The 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) and 95% effective dose (ED₉₅) are widely used in clinical trials to guide drug use.^8,9 However, the optimal dosage of butorphanol in different age groups remains unclear. This study used a sequential method to explore the use of butorphanol tartrate in patients of different ages receiving painless gastroscopy (ED₅₀ and ED₉₅) to provide references for clinical treatment, increase comfort, and create a safer medical environment.

Materials and methods

Study design

This prospective, non-randomized, non-controlled trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Binzhou Medical University Hospital (grant No. KYLL-2022-170,2022-11-22) and registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration no. ChiCTR2200066304). This study conformed to the STROBE guidelines¹⁰ and followed the CONSORT statement. Patients scheduled to undergo gastroscopy at Binzhou Medical University Hospital were eligible for the study. Participants were then grouped by age with no sex restrictions. Our study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 as revised in 2013. Before the examination, all patients underwent a preoperative evaluation at the anesthesia clinic and signed an informed consent form. All patient detailed were de-identified.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥18 years with no sex restrictions; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of I or II; body mass index (BMI) of 18 to 25 kg/m²; no history of analgesic drug abuse, serious cardiopulmonary disease, or asthma; and no use of sedatives within 24 hours before the examination. The exclusion criteria were as follows: pregnancy or lactation in women; obvious difficulties in airway and esophageal cancer; combined dysfunction of important organs; and cognitive impairment or mental disorders.

Anesthesia procedure

According to the World Health Organization age classification, the study participants were divided into the following three groups: youth (18–44 years, Group A), middle-aged (45–59 years, Group B), and older (≥60 years, Group C). Upon entering the gastroscopy room, the patients received oxygen via nasal inhalation at a rate of 4 L/minute, and intravenous access was established. Monitors were used to track the participants’ heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂). As per the literature^6,7 and our previous study, 5 minutes before the procedure, the participants in groups A, B, and C received intravenous butorphanol (brand name: Nuoyang, lot number: 220608BP, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. [Lianyungang, China] and designated by the State Drug Quantifier as H20020454) at doses of 7, 6, and 5 μg/kg, respectively. Propofol (lot number: 10QM3785; Beijing Fresenius Kabi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bad Homburg, Germany) was administered intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/kg to induce anesthesia. Gastroscope insertion began once the eyelash reflex disappeared and the modified observer’s assessment of alertness and sedation (MOAA/S) score was <1. Assessments were conducted every 30 s, and if the MOAA/S score was ≥2 or body movement occurred during the examination, an additional 0.5 to 1 mg/kg propofol was administered (10-s administration time) until the participant achieved adequate sedation. This process was repeated with a minimum interval of 1 minute between each administration until the completion of gastroscopy.⁶ The dose of butorphanol was determined using a modified sequential method,^11,12 and the next patient’s dose was adjusted according to the presence or absence of a positive reaction at the time of gastroscope insertion with a dose gradient of 0.5 μg/kg. The study was terminated after nine foldbacks (one successful sedation followed by one failed sedation). All endoscopies were performed by experienced endoscopists with more than 5 years of experience, and anesthesia was performed by a single anesthesiologist.

Adequate contingency measures were implemented throughout the examination to mitigate potential complications. In the event of hypotension (blood pressure <20% of the baseline value recorded on admission), intravenous ephedrine or phenylephrine was used as a corrective measure. In cases of respiratory depression (SpO₂ < 90%) despite an unobstructed airway, positive pressure ventilation via a mask or tracheal intubation was used if the condition did not resolve independently. If bradycardia (HR < 45 beats/minute) occurred, intravenous atropine was prescribed.

Outcomes

Main outcome measures

The primary outcomes were ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ in patients of different ages undergoing painless gastroscopy with butorphanol tartrate. The secondary outcome measures included SBP, DBP, HR, and SpO₂ measured 1 minute before injection (T1), immediately after the completion of butorphanol administration (T2), immediately after the completion of propofol administration (T3), immediately after gastroscope placement (T4), immediately after endoscope withdrawal (T5). The time of awakening and pain scored on a visual analog scale (VAS) score 10 minutes after awakening were also recorded. Adverse effects including pain associated with propofol injection, hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, respiratory depression (SpO2 < 90%), dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and agitation during resuscitation were documented. The Ramsay Sedation Scale was used to assess the degree of agitation during resuscitation. The time to awakening was defined as the time from the completion of gastroscopy to the time when the patient was able to open his or her eyes and cooperate in the anesthesia recovery room.

Statistical analyses

SPSS statistical software (version 27.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Normally distributed data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was performed for non-normally distributed data. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the time points. The probit model was employed¹³ to calculate the ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ as well as the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for butorphanol tartrate combined with propofol to inhibit the response to gastroscope insertion.¹⁴ Sequential plots and dose–effect curves were plotted using Microsoft Excel software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), and P < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

Results

In total, 95 patients were enrolled in this study, including 30 participants in group A, 35 participants in group B, and 30 participants in group C. As presented in Table 1, there was no significant difference in the distribution of BMI, sex, or ASA classification across the three groups. However, the age distribution significantly differed among the groups (P < 0.05).

Table 1.

Comparison of participants’ profiles.

	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 35)	Group C (n = 30)	P
Age (years)	36.6 ± 7.0	52.4 ± 4.5	66.3 ± 4.4	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	21.6 ± 2.1	21.8 ± 1.9	22.1 ± 1.5	0.613
Sex (male/female)	9/21	9/26	12/18	0.455
ASA I/II	21/9	23/12	10/20	0.334

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number of patients.

BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; Group A, patients aged 18–44 years; group B, patients aged 45–59 years; group C, patients aged ≥60 years.

A sequential plot of the response to gastroscope insertion following butorphanol administration using the improved sequential method is presented in Figure 1. The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of butorphanol were determined for each patient during gastroscopy. The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ were 7.384 (95% CI = 6.23–8.523) and 9.108 μg/kg (95% CI = 8.213–24.807), respectively, in group A, 6.657 (95% CI = 5.898–7.573) and 8.419 μg/kg (95% CI = 7.532–16.903), respectively, in group B, and 6.364 (95% CI = 5.954–6.828) and 7.348 μg/kg (95% CI = 6.864–9.923), respectively, in group C. The dose–effect curve of butorphanol regarding inhibition of the response to gastroscope insertion is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 1.

Sequential plot of the response to gastroscope insertion.

Figure 2.

Dose–effect curve of the inhibitory effect of butorphanol on the response to gastroscope insertion.

An ingroup comparison illustrated that SBP, DBP, and SpO₂ were significantly lower (all P < 0.05) in all three groups at T3 than at T1 (Table 2). No significant differences were observed regarding the duration of gastroscopy, propofol dose, awakening time, or VAS score 10 minutes after awakening among the groups (Table 3). No significant differences in postoperative adverse effects were observed among the groups (Table 4).

Table 2.

Group comparisons of the vital signs of participants.

Time Point	SBP (mmHg)			DBP (mmHg)			HR (bpm)			SpO₂ (%)
Time Point	Group A	Group B	Group C	Group A	Group B	Group C	Group A	Group B	Group C	Group A	Group B	Group C
T1	118.9 ± 9.7	124.9 ± 9.0	130.8 ± 10.9	76.8 ± 7.3	82.3 ± 6.2	81.1 ± 5.1	77.5 ± 8.3	74.2 ± 7.5	74.8 ± 7.2	99.7 ± 0.5	99.7 ± 0.5	99.6 ± 0.6
T2	118.2 ± 8.2	124.0 ± 8.4	129.5 ± 9.9	75.9 ± 6.8	79.9 ± 6	79.8 ± 5	76.1 ± 9.1	74.1 ± 6.8	74.6 ± 7.6	99.7 ± 0.5	99.7 ± 0.5	99.7 ± 0.5
T3	99.5 ± 6.3a	102.9 ± 6.2a	108.4 ± 10.7a	65.8 ± 2.7a	67.2 ± 4.8a	66.8 ± 4.3a	72.8 ± 8.6	68.5 ± 6.3a	70.7 ± 8.5	99.2 ± 0.6a	99.1 ± 0.8a	98.9 ± 0.7a
T4	104.6 ± 7.3a	104.9 ± 5.1a	110.8 ± 9.3a	67.5 ± 3.8a	67.6 ± 4.5a	68.5 ± 2.8a	74.8 ± 7.5	69.1 ± 6.1a	71.9 ± 7.6	99.3 ± 0.6a	99.4 ± 0.6	98.9 ± 0.7a
T5	99.6 ± 6.9a	100.2 ± 6.7a	108.5 ± 9.2a	64.1 ± 5.2a	65.7 ± 4.8a	67.2 ± 4.6a	67.1 ± 7.4a	63.9 ± 3.9a	66 ± 7.9a	99.7 ± 0.5	99.4 ± 0.6	99.3 ± 0.5
P	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
n	30	35	30	30	35	30	30	35	30	30	35	30

Data are presented as the mean ± SD or number of patients. a: P < 0.05 compared with T1 in the same group.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; T1, 1 minute before injection; T2, immediately after the completion of butorphanol administration; T3, immediately after the completion of propofol administration; T4, immediately after gastroscope placement; T5, immediately after endoscope withdrawal; Group A, patients aged 18–44 years; group B, patients aged 45–59 years; group C, patients aged ≥60 years.

Table 3.

Comparison of postoperative conditions among the three groups.

	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 35)	Group C (n = 30)	P
Propofol dose (mg/kg)	3.3 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 0.3	0.347
Inspection time (minute)	11.3 ± 3.5	11.4 ± 2.9	12.6 ± 2.0	0.166
Awakening time (minute)	10 ± 0.9	10.3 ± 1.1	10.6 ± 1.2	0.076
VAS 10 minutes after awakening	1.3 ± 0.7	1.1 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.8	0.444

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

VAS: visual analog scale; Group A, patients aged 18–44 years; group B, patients aged 45–59 years; group C, patients aged ≥60 years.

Table 4.

Comparison of adverse reaction occurrences among the three groups (%).

Adverse reaction	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 35)	Group C (n = 30)	P
Injection pain	2 (6)	1 (2.8)	3 (10)	0.496
Hypotension	4 (13)	3 (8.5)	3 (10)	0.818
Bradycardia	0	0	1 (3)	0.335
Dizziness and drowsiness	1 (3)	0	3 (10)	0.129
Hypoxemia	0	0	2 (3)	0.109

Data are presented as n (%).

Group A, patients aged 18–44 years; group B, patients aged 45–59 years; group C, patients aged ≥60 years.

Discussion

Previous studies indicated that potent opioids such as fentanyl and sufentanil can effectively reduce the amount of propofol required during anesthesia.^15,16 However, potent opioids are classified as dangerous anesthetics, and their management in outpatient settings is cumbersome and complicated. By contrast, butorphanol is a second-class psychotropic drug with a relatively simple management system and certain advantages. Butorphanol is a mixed opioid agonist with an affinity of 1:4:25 for the opioid receptors (μ:δ:κ).¹⁷ The pain-relieving effect is achieved by stimulating the κ receptor, and it has a significant advantage in relieving visceral pain. It also increases the frequency of the spontaneous opening of the pyloric sphincter, making endoscopic examination easier.^17,18 Butorphanol partially antagonizes the μ receptor, thus reducing the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting.¹⁹ The onset time of butorphanol after intravenous injection was approximately 1 minute, reaching a peak at 10 to 15 minutes, with rapid elimination after peak efficacy. Compared with other sedatives and hypnotics, the incidence of side effects such as respiratory suppression is low, and a mild analgesic effect can be maintained for an extended period after the sedative effect disappears.²⁰ Butorphanol is widely used in painless gastroscopy because of its rapid onset of action, minimal side effects, and good pain relief. However, the sedation caused by butorphanol is also associated with adverse reactions, such as dizziness and drowsiness, during the recovery period, prolonging the patient’s recovery time. The incidence of adverse reactions is related to the dose, and the occurrence of adverse reactions can be significantly reduced by using an appropriate dose.²¹ Propofol is widely used in gastroscopy because of its rapid onset, strong efficacy, and short recovery time. However, it is limited by pain during injection, instable respiration, and blood flow dynamics. Relevant studies demonstrated that the intravenous infusion of propofol at a dose ranging from 2 to 2.5 mg/kg can result in substantial reductions in SBP and DBP, with the reductions reaching 25% to 40%.²² Moreover, the suppressive effect of the drug on the respiratory and circulatory systems progressively increases with increasing doses,²³ thus necessitating the concurrent use of other pharmacological agents. By combining several synergistic drugs, the therapeutic dose of each drug is reduced, and the effect is enhanced, both retaining the individual advantages of each drug and weakening their side effects.¹⁹ Agarwal et al. found that 2 mg of butorphanol reduced pain from propofol injections more effectively than intravenous lidocaine.⁵ Studies illustrated that the combination of butorphanol and propofol in painless gastroscopy both optimizes the anesthetic effect and improves the quality of anesthesia, and it has stable hemodynamics, good postoperative analgesia, few complications, and good safety and reliability.^24,25 In this study, the incidence of injection pain was not high among the three groups, indicating that prophylactic intravenous butorphanol injection 5 minutes before surgery can significantly reduce the incidence of propofol injection pain.

Shun et al. compared the effects of different concentrations of butorphanol for gastroscopy, finding that a pre-dose of 7.5 μg/kg butorphanol was the most appropriate choice.⁶ Zhu et al. compared the ED₉₅ of butorphanol and sufentanil for gastroscopy, recording a value of 9.07 μg/kg (95% CI = 7.81–19.66) for butorphanol.⁷ Given the importance of medication rigor, safety, and gradually decreasing usage with age, butorphanol doses of 7, 6, and 5 μg/kg were selected as the initial doses for groups A, B, and C, respectively. The improved sequential method was employed to evaluate the optimal dose of butorphanol for patients in different age groups because it can be used to assess the effectiveness of drugs with fewer cases in a short period and thus facilitate the selection of a more suitable anesthetic drug.²⁴

The findings of the study revealed that the ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of butorphanol in group A were 7.384 and 9.108 μg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, these values were 6.657 and 8.419 μg/kg, respectively, in group B and 6.364 and 7.348 μg/kg, respectively, in group C. These results suggest that the ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of the propofol–butorphanol combination for suppressing the response to gastroscope insertion tended to decrease with increasing age. During gastroscopy, all patients displayed comparatively stable hemodynamics. An anesthesiologist conducted follow-up by telephone 24 hours after the procedure, and no adverse symptoms were reported. This examination of the effective concentration of butorphanol in different age groups could lead to a more accurate treatment dose, reducing the respiratory and circulatory suppression caused by excessive propofol use and adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness caused by excessive analgesic use. This study has significant implications for clinical guidance and patient safety.

This study had several limitations. First, the study was limited to gastroscopic examinations, and it did not extend to colonoscopies. Further research is required to determine whether the program can be applied to colonoscopy and whether the effective dose of propofol differs. Second, the study only included patients with ASA I or II and excluded high-risk patients (ASA III–IV). Consequently, the results and conclusions might not be generalizable to high-risk populations. Third, the study consisted of a small sample size from a single center. Finally, patients were not followed-up 24 hours later, and it was unclear whether there was any long-term effect.

When propofol was combined with butorphanol tartrate, the corresponding ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ for inhibiting the response to gastroscope insertion varied among different age groups. Therefore, the required dose might gradually decrease with age.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Department of Anaesthesia and Endoscopy Room.

Author contributions

Yaorui Sun: Conceptualization; Investigation; Methodology; Writing – original draft.

Shujiao Liu: Formal analysis; Investigation; Writing – review & editing.

Wenli Si: Investigation; Formal analysis; Writing – review & editing.

Quanyi Zhang: Investigation; Methodology; Writing – review & editing.

Fei Yu: Investigation; Writing – review & editing.

Ming Su: Methodology; Writing – review & editing.

Chao Sun: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Supervision; Writing – review & editing.

Data availability statement

The data of this study will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Ming Su

Chao Sun

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The effective dose of butorphanol tartrate in patients of different ages undergoing painless gastroscopy

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study design

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Anesthesia procedure

Outcomes

Main outcome measures

Statistical analyses

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Author contributions

Data availability statement

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References