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Abstract

Objective

The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) predicts overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced lung cancer. However, few studies have tested ALI’s prognostic effect in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), especially patients at stage III. This study investigated the relationship between ALI and outcomes of patients with NSCLC following VATS.

Methods

We retrospectively examined 339 patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS at Hebei General Hospital, China. Preoperative clinical and laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed. Optimal cutoff values of potential prognostic factors, including ALI, were determined. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine each factor’s prognostic value.

Results

The median OS was 31 months. The optimal cutoff value for ALI was 41.20. Patients with high ALI (≥41.20) displayed increased OS (33.87 vs. 30.24 months), higher survival rates, and milder clinical characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant correlation between ALI and the prognosis of patients with NSCLC, including those at stage IIIA, who underwent VATS.

Conclusions

Low ALI correlated with poor outcomes in patients with NSCLC following VATS. Preoperative ALI might be a potential prognostic biomarker for patients with NSCLC following VATS, including patients at stage IIIA.

Keywords

Non-small cell lung cancer advanced lung cancer inflammation index video-assisted thoracic surgery overall survival stage IIIA prognostic indicator

Introduction

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.¹ Despite progress in treatment, patients with lung cancer still have poor prognoses. Because the outcomes of individual patients are difficult to predict, it is important to explore accurate prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is one of the most important predictors of overall survival (OS) for patients with lung cancer.² Inflammation status also correlates with cancer growth and can be used to estimate prognosis in several malignancies.^3–5 Jafri et al.⁶ developed an inflammation-based prognostic index known as the advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), which is calculated as follows: body mass index (BMI, kg/m²) × serum albumin (ALB, g/dL) ÷ the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The prognostic accuracy of ALI has been tested in patients with different malignancies including lung cancer.^7–9 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer.¹⁰ However, the prognostic significance of ALI has not been adequately investigated in patients with NSCLC following video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) as the resection technique, especially patients at stage III. In this study, we explored whether ALI is associated with the prognosis of patients with NSCLC, especially patients at stage IIIA, who underwent VATS. Additionally, several clinical indicators and laboratory parameters such as sex, age, smoking status, performance status (PS), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), C-creative protein (CRP), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) are reported to be correlated with the prognosis of patients with malignancies including those with lung cancer.^10–14 Using univariable and multivariable analyses, we discuss the prognostic effect of ALI and some of the clinical indexes for patients with NSCLC, especially patients at stage IIIA, following VATS.

Methods

Patients

For this study, we enrolled patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS, which refers to local resection of lung tissue with curative intent, at Hebei General Hospital from January 2017 to January 2019. Before surgery, all patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, emission CT, and other examinations to rule out distant metastasis. All patients were pathologically diagnosed with NSCLC. No patients had clinical evidence of any inflammatory conditions. Patients received no preoperative chemoradiotherapy and had no other malignancies. Anatomic pulmonary resection was preferred for the majority of patients with NSCLC. Some patients choose sublobar resection, segmentectomy, or wedge resection for the following reasons: 1) parenchymal resection margin ≥2 cm or greater than the nodule size; 2) appropriate N1 and N2 lymph node station sampling; 3) poor pulmonary reserve or other major comorbidities that contraindicated lobectomy; and 4) peripheral nodule ≤2 cm, with at least one of the following: 4a) pure adenocarcinoma in situ histology; 4b) ≥50% ground-glass appearance on CT; and 4c) radiologic surveillance confirmed a long doubling time (>400 days). After completing definitive therapy, all patients at stage I/II underwent follow-up consisting of medical history, physical examination, and chest CT ± contrast every 6 months for the first 2 to 3 years, and then medical history, physical examination, and low-dose non-contrast-enhanced chest CT were performed annually. For patients at stage IIIA, follow-up consisted of medical history, physical examination, and chest CT ± contrast every 3 to 6 months for 3 years, then medical history, physical examination, and chest CT ± contrast every 6 months for 2 years, and finally medical history, physical examination, and low-dose non-contrast-enhanced chest CT annually until death or the last follow-up. The primary end point was OS, which was defined as the duration of time from the date of surgery to the date of all-cause death or the last follow-up. For subjects who had missed follow-up visits prior to death, the time of the last follow-up was counted as the time of death. The Ethical Committee of Hebei General Hospital approved this retrospective study (No. 202155). Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study. We confirm that data confidentiality has been maintained and compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

Variables

Clinical indicators including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, PS, CCI, pathological type, and postoperative treatment were recorded by the electronic medical records system. Laboratory parameters including red blood cell count (RBC), mean cell volume (MCV), RDW, hemoglobin count (HGB), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEUT), lymphocyte count (LYMPH), monocyte count (MONO), eosinophil count (EO), basophil count (BASO), platelet count (PLT), ALB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CRP were tested before surgery. ALI was calculated as BMI (kg/m²) ×ALB (g/dL) ÷ NLR.⁸ Preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassays at the same hospital laboratory.

Statistical analysis

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine cutoff values for ALI, ALB, WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, RBC, MCV, RDW, HGB, PLT, MONO, EO, BASO, NLR, PLR, LMR, CRP, CEA, NSE, SCC, and CYFRA21-1. By estimating the optimal sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC), ROC curves were used to predict all-cause death. Comparisons of continuous and categorical variables were performed using Pearson’s correlation, the Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. Cumulative cancer-specific survival curves after surgery were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Differences in OS according to ALI and other parameters were assessed using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the prognostic potential of the variables, from which hazard ratios were estimated and reported as relative risks with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics software program, version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). P < 0.05 was used to indicate statistically significant differences.

Results

Patient statistics

In total, 339 patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS at Hebei General Hospital were reviewed and analyzed according to the parameters shown in Table 1. Among the patients, 167 (49.26%) were male, and the median age was 60-years-old. There were 110 (32.45%) current or ever smokers. According to the clinical information, 315 were diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and 24 with squamous cell carcinoma. Eighty-six patients were determined to be stage 0, 166 to be stage IA, 31 to be stage IB, 15 to be stage II, and 41 to be IIIA. Regarding surgical procedures, 168 patients received wedge resection, 85 underwent segmentectomy, and 86 received lobectomy. Postoperative pathology of all patients revealed negative margins. The PS and CCI scores of 263 (77.58%) and 159 (46.90%) patients, respectively, were 0 or 1. The median OS of the patients was 31 months. Eighteen patients (5.31%) died during the observation period, and 36 (10.62%) were lost to follow-up. Seventy-seven patients (22.71%) received postoperative treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Thirty-three patients had recurrence, among which 16 died (Figure 1).

Table 1.

Relationship between patient characteristics and ALI.

	Baseline	ALI < 41.20	ALI ≥ 41.20	P value
	Baseline	n=125	n=214	P value
Age				0.460
	<65 years	84	152
	≥65 years	41	62
Sex				<0.001
	Male	81	86
	Female	44	128
Pathology				0.167
	Adenocarcinoma	113	202
	Squamous cell carcinoma	12	12
Death				<0.001
	Yes	32	22
	No	93	192
Stage				0.045
	0	28	58
	IA	54	112
	IB-II	22	24
	IIIA	21	20
Surgical Procedure				0.104
	Wedge resection	57	111
	Segmentectomy	28	57
	Lobectomy	40	46
Smoking				0.012
	Never	74	155
	Current/ever	51	59
BMI				0.015
	<18.5	5	3
	≥18.5 to <24	71	95
	≥24	49	116
Recurrence				0.001
	Yes	21	12
	No	104	202
PS				0.585
	0–1	99	164
	≥2	26	50
CCI				0.222
	0–1	61	98
	2–3	13	13
	≥4	51	103
Postoperative Treatment				0.520
	Yes	26	51
	No	99	163
CRP (mg/L)				0.270
	<0.05	1	2
	≥0.05	56	114
WBC (×10⁹/L)				0.619
	<5.63	66	107
	≥5.63	59	107
RBC (×10¹²/L)				0.320
	<5.11	107	191
	≥5.11	18	23
NEUT (×10⁹/L)				0.079
	<3.12	54	72
	≥3.12	71	142
LYMPH (×10⁹/L)				0.540
	<2.47	112	196
	≥2.47	13	18
HGB (g/L)				0.225
	<151.50	96	176
	≥151.50	29	38
PLT (×10⁹/L)				0.148
	<459	124	207
	≥459	1	7
MONO (×10⁹/L)				0.029
	<0.57	125	206
	≥0.57	0	8
EO (×10⁹/L)				0.934
	<0.11	80	136
	≥0.11	45	78
BASO (×10⁹/L)				0.056
	<0.08	120	212
	≥0.08	5	2
MCV (fL)				0.973
	<90.55	31	47
	≥90.55	30	46
RDW (%)				0.262
	<11.65	2	7
	≥11.65	60	86
ALB (g/dL)				0.385
	<4.24	46	89
	≥4.24	79	125
LDH (U/L)				0.901
	<187.25	89	151
	≥187.25	36	63
CEA (ng/mL)				0.759
	<4.21	80	133
	≥4.21	18	27
NSE (ng/mL)				0.624
	<10.18	22	40
	≥10.18	59	92
CYFRA21-1 (ng/mL)				0.197
	<3.56	69	103
	≥3.56	13	31
SCC (ng/mL)				0.391
	<0.69	15	18
	≥0.69	71	118
NLR				0.265
	<1.89	52	76
	≥1.89	73	138
LMR				0.048
	<3.74	10	33
	≥3.74	115	151
PLR				0.758
	<87.26	11	21
	≥87.26	114	193

Note: The number of deaths in the death group is the total number of deaths and loss to follow-up.

ALI, advanced lung cancer inflammation index; BMI, body mass index; PS, performance status; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; NEUT, Neutrophil; LYMPH, Lymphocyte; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet; MONO, monocyte; EO, eosinophil; BASO, basophil; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RDW, red cell distribution width; ALB, albumin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, neuron specific enolase; CYFRA 21-1, cytokeratin-19 fragment; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma antigen; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio.

Figure 1.

The flowchart for patients included in the study group.

Comparison between groups

Relationships between baseline characteristics and ALI are shown in Table 1. ROC curve analysis showed the cutoff value of ALI for the layering of OS was 41.20 (Figure 2a). The optimal cutoff points analyzed by ROC curves for other parameters are shown in Figure 2b and 2c. Patients were divided into two groups according to the ALI cutoff value: the low ALI group (ALI < 41.20, n = 125) and the high ALI group (ALI≥41.20, n = 214). Postoperative survival curves of the two groups are shown in Figure 3a. The curves showed a significant difference in patient survival rates (P < 0.001). Patients in the high ALI group had longer OS (33.87 vs. 30.24 months, P < 0.001) and displayed milder clinical and laboratory characteristics than those in the low ALI group.

Figure 2.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. (a) ROC curve for the advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI). The area under the curve (AUC) is 0.324, and the corresponding optimal cutoff value of ALI is 41.20. (b) ROC curves for white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEUT), lymphocyte (LYMPH), monocyte (MONO), eosinophil (EO), basophil (BASO), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The optimal cutoff points for WBC (×10⁹/L), NEUT (×10⁹/L), LYMPH (×10⁹/L), MONO (×10⁹/L), EO (×10⁹/L), BASO (×10⁹/L), RBC (×10¹²/L), HGB (g/L), PLT (×10⁹/L), ALB (g/dL), LDH (U/L), NLR, LMR, and PLR are 5.63, 3.12, 2.47, 0.57, 0.11, 0.08, 5.11, 151.50, 459.00, 4.24, 187.25, 1.89, 3.74, and 87.26, respectively; the corresponding AUCs were 0.517, 0.472, 0.585, 0.574, 0.518, 0.532, 0.545, 0.526, 0.564, 0.391, 0.458, 0.432, 0.522, and 0.489, respectively. (c) ROC curves for mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The optimal cutoff values for MCV (fL), RDW (%), CEA (ng/mL), NSE (ng/mL), SCC (ng/mL), CYFRA21-1 (ng/mL), and CRP (mg/L) are 90.55, 11.65, 4.21, 10.18, 0.69, 3.56, and 0.05, respectively, with AUCs of 0.382, 0.594, 0.543, 0.315, 0.364, 0.568, and 0.638, respectively. (d) ROC curve for ALI in patients at stage IIIA. The AUC is 0.289, and the corresponding optimal cutoff value for ALI is 32.34.

Figure 3.

Overall survival (OS) curves for patients at stage I to IIIA following video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). (a) Curve indicating that the high advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) group (ALI ≥ 41.20) had increased survival rates and survival times (P < 0.05). (b) Curve indicating that among patients with stage IIIA NSCLC, the high ALI group (ALI ≥ 41.20) had increased survival rates and survival times (P < 0.05).

OS, sex, death rate, smoking status, BMI, recurrence rate, stage, MONO, and LMR were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Univariate analyses of each parameter are shown in Table 2 (performed in regard to OS). In univariable analysis of OS, low ALI (<41.20), squamous cell carcinoma, male sex, age >65 years, smoking, cancer recurrence, PS≥2, CCI≥3, and BMI<18.5 were significant factors for poor survival (P < 0.05, Table 2). Additionally, patients with low ALB (<4.24 g/dL), high LDH (≥187.25 U/L), high PLR (≥87.26), high SCC (≥0.69 ng/mL), and later stage disease (>IB) had worse OS than those with high ALB, low LDH, low PLR, low SCC, and earlier stage disease (P < 0.05, Table 2). Results of multivariable analyses using the Cox hazard model are shown in Table 2. The results indicated that low ALI (<41.20), smoking, high LDH (≥187.25 U/L), high PLR (≥87.26), high RDW (≥11.65%), and high MCV (≥90.55 fL) were independent predictors of poor prognosis (P < 0.05).

Table 2.

Univariable and multivariable analyses.

	Univariable analysis				Multivariable analysis
	P value	HR	95% CI		P value	HR	95% CI
	P value	HR	LL	UL	P value	HR	LL	UL
ALI	<0.0001	2.748	1.595	4.734	0.041	4.779	1.068	21.380
Age	0.008	0.483	0.283	0.824	0.736	1.252	0.340	4.613
Sex	<0.0001	0.247	0.130	0.469	0.252	0.165	0.008	3.584
Pathology	<0.0001	0.214	0.115	0.400
Smoking	<0.0001	0.166	0.092	0.298	0.006	0.046	0.005	0.413
BMI < 18.5	0.139				0.213
BMI 18.5–24	0.048	3.379	1.013	11.270	0.100	35.686	0.504	2525.755
BMI ≥ 24	0.517	1.200	0.691	2.084	0.691	0.751	0.182	3.089
Recurrence	<0.0001	0.034	0.019	0.060
Stage	<0.0001				0.019
Stage IA	0.920	0.000	0.000	6.661E + 114	0.954	0.000	0.000	1.240E + 206
Stage IB–II	<0.0001	0.063	0.030	0.132	0.002	0.069	0.013	0.364
Stage IIIA	0.037	0.531	0.293	0.963	0.106	0.250	0.046	1.343
PS	<0.0001	0.305	0.179	0.521	0.713	0.719	0.124	4.172
CCI=0–1	0.006				0.263
CCI=2	0.003	0.269	0.114	0.635	0.103	12.227	0.604	247.356
CCI=2–3	0.161	0.574	0.263	1.249	0.171	7.615	0.416	139.271
Postoperative treatment	0.564	0.836	0.455	1.537
CRP (mg/L)	0.267	3.129	0.417	23.492
WBC (×10⁹/L)	0.516	1.194	0.698	2.043
RBC (×10¹²/L)	0.138	2.416	0.754	7.742	0.564	1.922	0.209	17.663
NEUT (×10⁹/L)	0.255	1.366	0.798	2.336
LYMPH (×10⁹/L)	0.338	1.767	0.552	5.662
HGB (g/L)	0.055	2.462	0.981	6.181	0.266	3.359	0.397	28.460
PLT (×109/L)	0.437	20.862	0.010	44278.292
MONO (×10⁹/L)	0.424	20.911	0.012	36194.887
EO (×10⁹/L)	0.331	1.336	0.745	2.397
BASO (×10⁹/L)	0.469	20.756	0.006	76791.105
MCV (fL)	0.068	2.291	0.942	5.570	0.004	19.577	2.612	146.740
RDW (%)	0.086	2.894	0.860	9.738	0.033	9.028	1.197	68.071
ALB (g/dL)	0.002	2.396	1.392	4.126	0.399	2.105	0.374	11.853
LDH (U/L)	0.036	2.151	1.052	4.401	0.019	9.568	1.449	63.177
CEA (ng/mL)	0.110	2.611	0.805	8.471
NSE (ng/mL)	0.188	1.598	0.795	3.215
CYFRA21-1 (ng/mL)	0.259	1.828	0.641	5.215
SCC (ng/mL)	<0.0001	3.526	1.748	7.127
NLR	0.054	1.689	0.990	2.879	0.369	0.474	0.093	2.416
LMR	0.311	1.448	0.708	2.962	0.331	0.351	0.043	2.894
PLR	0.033	2.180	1.064	1.465	0.012	27.658	2.102	363.873

ALI, advanced lung cancer inflammation index; BMI, body mass index; PS, performance status; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; NEUT, Neutrophil; LYMPH, Lymphocyte; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet; MONO, monocyte; EO, eosinophil; BASO, basophil; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RDW, red cell distribution width; ALB, albumin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, neuron specific enolase; CYFRA21-1, cytokeratin-19 fragment; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma antigen; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio; HR, hazard ratio; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.

For patients at stage IIIA with an ALI cutoff value of 32.34 (Figure 2d), 13 (31.71%) died during the observation period and 11 (26.83%) were lost to follow-up. Six patients were staged with N0 disease by the TNM system, while nine were staged with N1 and 26 with N2 malignancies. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that ALI was an prognostic indicator for patients with stage IIIA NSCLC following curative VATS as the lobectomy technique (Figure 3b, P < 0.05). Additionally, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the prognosis of each N stage for patients with stage IIIA NSCLC was not statistically different between the high ALI group and the low ALI group.

Discussion

The correlation between systemic inflammation and cancer has been widely explored for decades. Systemic inflammation and immune responses are thought to affect carcinogenesis by regulating angiogenesis and cellular proliferation.³ Inflammatory markers have been found to be expressed in the tumor microenvironment, and their importance in cancer etiology has been proven, which indicates the prognostic significance of inflammatory factors in different cancers.^15–17 It has been reported that absolute inflammatory cell counts in peripheral blood including WBC, NEUT, LYMPH and ratios based on those cell counts such as NLR, PLR, and LMR may provide valuable information for the prognosis of patients with cancer.^18–20 Inflammation is involved in multiple pathological conditions. Our study investigated several inflammatory factors and indicated the prognostic power of some parameters.

Lymphopenia may serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in patients with terminal malignancies. Lymphocytes play important roles in regulating cancer progression through tumor immune surveillance and cytotoxic activity, which kills cancer cells.²¹ Neutrophils were reported to participate in tumor proliferation and metastasis by remodeling the extracellular matrix and releasing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.^22,23 The prognostic power of NLR in patients with cancer has been reported by various studies,^14,19,20 consistently, elevated NLR may predict poor outcomes in lung cancer.

Cancer cachexia is common in advanced malignancies and is a multi-factorial syndrome that impairs patients’ quality of life and response to treatment. Cachexia is considered to be the clinical consequence of interactions between tumor, metabolic, and inflammatory factors.²⁴ Cachexia rarely appears in patients with early-stage cancer. However, estimations of body composition are widely considered to be important prognostic indicators in patients with operable tumors. Body weight loss in advanced cancer may increase the risk of mortality.²⁵ Muscle and fat burden are decreased as cancer advances, which results in body weight loss and increases the risk of mortality.²⁶ BMI and ALB have been shown to be useful indicators for evaluating nutritional status. Both parameters are closely related to survival in patients with operable lung cancers.^27–29 Therefore, BMI and ALB are likely to have prognostic power in patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS. As shown in previous studies,^{6,7,19,30–33} ALI has prognostic power for patients with lung cancer. As a result, ALI, which is calculated from NEUT, LYMPH, BMI, and ALB, may serve as a prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC following VATS.

We studied other factors that may affect the prognosis of patients with NSCLC. Platelets can secret growth factors that stimulate tumor angiogenesis and contribute to the adhesion and transmigration of tumor cells, which can promote the metastatic potential of tumor cells.³⁴ Monocytes can facilitate the progression and dissemination of tumor cells by promoting tumor growth and survival.³⁵ Studies have shown that peripheral monocyte levels are negatively associated with prognosis in patients with cancer.^23,36 Moreover, as reported by various studies, elevated PLR and reduced LMR may predict poor outcomes in lung cancer.^14,18–20 In this study, PLR showed a strong prognostic power for patients with NSCLC following VATS. WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, PLT, MONO, CRP, NLR, and LMR showed no prognostic value, which may be because the majority of our samples were at the early stages (stage 0–I) and did not show obvious inflammatory responses.

Inflammation may cause changes in erythrocyte maturation.¹³ RDW is often used to diagnose anemia and evaluates changes in the size of peripheral red blood cells in circulation. Recent studies have indicated a correlation between MCV and RDW, and cancer prognosis.^37–39 Increased RDW has been found to be related to an increase in various inflammatory markers, oxidative stress responses, and malnutrition.^40,41 Because RDW and MCV may be related to inflammation and malnutrition, there is a great possibility that they could have prognostic power in lung cancer.

LDH is associated with tumor hypoxia, neoangiogenesis, and metastasis and has been shown to be correlated with poor outcomes in several malignancies including NSCLC.^42,43 Our findings indicated the prognostic power of LDH in patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS. The underlying mechanism will need to be further characterized, as there is no evidence of a direct between LDH and NSCLC development.

Our findings demonstrate the importance of systemic inflammatory status and malnutrition in the prognosis of patients with NSCLC undergoing VATS. We determined a cutoff value of 41.20 for ALI with ROC curve analysis. In previous studies, Jafri et al.⁶ reported an ALI cutoff value of 18 for advanced NSCLC, Kobayashi et al.³¹ reported an ALI cutoff value of 22.2 for early-stage NSCLC, and Tomita et al.³² reported an ALI cutoff value of 37.66 for patients with resected NSCLC. Additionally, Kim et al.³⁰ reported an ALI cutoff value of 31.1 for patients with SCLC, while Zhou et al.³³ reported a cutoff value of 47.0; the cut-off was determined to be 19.5 by He et al.⁷ Our study resulted in a cutoff value within the range of those reports. OS, sex, death rate, smoking status, BMI, stage, recurrence rate, MONO, and LMR were significantly different between patients in the high and low ALI groups. Our analysis strongly indicated that ALI could be a prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC following VATS. For patients at stage IIIA in our study, ALI was associated with OS and living status, indicating its prognostic power for patients with stage IIIA NSCLC who underwent curative VATS.

Our analysis suggests that preoperative ALI is a prognostic factor for operable NSCLC, along with smoking, pathological type, male sex, age >65 years, late stage, cancer recurrence, BMI, PS, CCI, ALB, LDH, PLR, and SCC. Furthermore, ALI, smoking, stage, PLR, LDH, RDW, and MCV could be independent prognostic factors. The other inflammatory indicators we evaluated were not significantly associated with prognosis, which may be because our data contain several patients at the early stage who did not show obvious inflammatory responses. Radical resection was associated with significantly longer OS in this NSCLC cohort. Our data showed that ALI could be a prognostic indicator for patients with stage IIIA NSCLC following VATS, which has never been reported. By characterizing the prognostic factors of patients with NSCLC, we can better assess their prognostic risk and give appropriate postoperative treatments to effectively extend OS.

Limitations

The study had limitations in the following aspects: 1) this was a single-center retrospective study with no postoperative ALI data, which may have resulted in selection bias; and 2), there was a small number of patients at stage IIIA. As ALI could be an independent prognostic factor, a large-scale multicenter prospective validation study is required to establish more reliable and independent parameters.

Conclusions

Inflammation and nutrition status are vital markers for cancer progression and prognosis. Preoperative ALI, along with several clinical factors, might have prognostic power for patients with NSCLC who undergo VATS. Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that ALI may be an independent and effective prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC following VATS. For patients with stage IIIA NSCLC who underwent curative lobectomy via VATS, ALI could be an effective prognostic factor. The prognostic effect of ALI for patients with NSCLC can be adapted into clinical practice to stratify patients for future trials.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article: This work was supported by the Scientific Research Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2019139).

ORCID iD

Guochen Duan

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The advanced lung cancer inflammation index predicts outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer following video-assisted thoracic surgery

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Patients

Variables

Statistical analysis

Results

Patient statistics

Comparison between groups

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusions

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

ORCID iD

References