Abstract
Objective
To examine the role of the long noncoding RNA LINC01296 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and to explore the underlying mechanism.
Methods
We detected LINC01296 expression levels in a cohort of 51 paired CRC and normal tissues. We also assessed the effects of LINC01296 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in CRC cells in vitro, and measured its effect on tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. We identified the potential downstream targets of LINC01296 and assessed its regulatory effects.
Results
Expression levels of LINC01296 were elevated in 37/51 CRC tissues compared with the corresponding normal tissues and were significantly associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Knockdown of LINC01296 using antisense oligonucleotides inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of colon cancer cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Knockdown of LINC01296 also significantly increased the gene expression of p15 in colon cancer cells. LINC01296-specific suppression of p15 was validated by the interaction between enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and LINC01296.
Conclusion
Overexpression of LINC01296 suppressed the expression of p15 leading to CRC carcinogenesis. These findings may provide the basis for novel future CRC-targeted therapies.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. CRC development is characterized by specific molecular alterations, including gene mutations and epigenetic modifications, with mutations in genes encoding adenomatous polyposis coli, K-Ras, and p53 representing important molecular events in the development of CRC. Despite advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of CRC, its genetic basis and the molecular mechanisms associated with CRC tumorigenesis and progression remain unclear. A better understanding of these underlying molecular mechanisms is therefore essential to allow the identification of early diagnostic markers and for the development of individualized therapies.
Recent studies have revealed that the human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, which cover less than 2% of the entire genome sequence, 1 and that the vast majority of the human genome (98%) comprises non-protein-coding genes. 2 Interestingly, tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs are transcribed from these noncoding genes, including ribosomal RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, transfer RNAs, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Increasing evidence shows that lncRNAs participate in several important cellular processes and can regulate gene expression by interacting with RNA-binding proteins, regulating RNA decay, and affecting protein stabilization.3–5 A growing number of recent studies using high-throughput profiling and microarray technologies have revealed that lncRNAs are differentially expressed in various cancers relative to their levels in corresponding normal tissues, and play key roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression by regulating both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways.6–8 Among these lncRNAs, LINC01296 is highly expressed in prostate cancer 9 and bladder cancer, 10 and LINC01296 knockdown was shown to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. 9
Recent studies have also revealed that LINC01296 participates in CRC tumorigenesis, progression, and prognosis.11,12 LINC01296 was reported to be differentially expressed between CRC tissues and normal adjacent mucosal tissues.11,12 However, other studies suggested that elevated levels of LINC01296 were associated with longer survival in patients with CRC. 13 These inconsistencies suggest the need to explore the role of LINC01296 and its associated molecular pathways in the pathology of CRC. A recent study also suggested that LINC01296 might function as a potential therapeutic target in CRC, via an unknown mechanism. 14
In this study, we examined the role of LINC01296 in CRC. We compared its expression in CRC tissues and normal tissues and analyzed its association with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. We also examined the effects of silencing LINC01296 on cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis, and the cell cycle in colon cancer cells in vitro and on tumor growth in mice in vivo. We further investigated the effects of LINC01296 silencing on p15 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in colon cancer cells. The results will clarify the oncogenic role of LINC01296 in CRC.
Materials and methods
Cell lines and CRC tissue samples
CRC cell lines (SW480, SW620, LoVo, HT29, DLD1, and HCT116) were purchased from the Cell Resource Center of the Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium or F12K medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Invitrogen), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C.
CRC tissues and paired normal tissues were collected from patients who underwent complete excision of primary tumors from July 2013 to December 2014 at Jiangyin People’s Hospital (Jiangyin, China). No patients received preoperative chemotherapy. All tissues were maintained in liquid nitrogen. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board of Jiangyin People’s Hospital (Reference #2018-012). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration (1964) and amendments.
RNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cells or CRC tissues using TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA (1 µg) was reverse-transcribed using a cDNA reverse transcription kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and the relative expression levels of LINC01296 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were assessed by real-time PCR using SYBR Green master mix (Life Technologies). GAPDH mRNA expression was used as an internal control. Specific primer information is shown in Table 1.
Primer list.
Cell transfection
Specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs; Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) targeting LINC01296 (160 pmol) or negative control (NC; 160 pmol) were transfected into colon cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen). The sequences of ASO-1#, ASO-2#, and ASO-NC were 5′-AAACTGCCACAACGTA-3′, 5′-CACTGCAAAATTACTG-3′, and 5′-UUGCTTTAACGUAAC-3′, respectively. Specific knockdown of EZH2 expression in colon cancer cells by transfection with a small-interfering RNA (siRNA) against EZH2 mRNA (200 pmol) or an NC siRNA (200 pmol) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). The EZH2 siRNA sequence was 5′-GAGGUUCAGACGAGCUGAUUU-3′, and the si-NC sequence was 5′-CGUUAATACCUUGAATTUUAA-3′.
Cell proliferation and colony-formation assays
Cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)–2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a multiwall scanning spectrophotometer (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). For colony-formation assays, SW480 and LoVo cells were seeded in 6-well plates and monitored for 2 weeks. Clones were stained with a solution of 1% crystal violet for 30 minutes, washed with distilled water, and air dried, after which the numbers of colonies in each well were determined in a blinded manner with respect to the sample identity. Each cell line was assayed in triplicate.
Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses
LoVo and SW480 cells were transfected with LINC01296 ASOs or ASO-NC and then harvested. The cells were then stained with propidium iodide (PI) using a cycle TEST™ PLUS DNA reagent kit (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) according to manufacturer’s protocol, and analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). The percentages of cells in the G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases were calculated. Apoptosis was detected using an Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Briefly, cells were collected after digestion with 0.25% trypsin in the absence of EDTA and rinsed. The cells were re-suspended in binding buffer with 5 μL of FITC antibody and 5 μl PI. After incubation in the dark for 10 minutes at room temperature, FITC and PI staining were measured by flow cytometry.
Transwell assay
Cell migration assays were performed in Transwell chambers (BD Biosciences) at 48 hours post-transfection. Cells (2.5 × 104) were suspended in 200 µL of serum-free medium and seeded in the upper chamber, and culture medium (500 µL) containing 10% FBS was placed into the bottom chamber. After incubation at 37°C for 24 hours in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, the cells on the upper surfaces of the chambers were removed using cotton swabs. Cells on the bottom surfaces of the chambers were fixed with polyoxymethylene and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 minutes. The invading cells were counted in five randomly selected fields under a microscope, and the average value was calculated. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate.
RNA sequencing and data analysis
cDNA libraries for single-end sequencing were prepared using the Ion Total RNA-seq kit, v2.0 (Life Technologies). Samples were diluted and mixed, and the mixture was processed using a OneTouch 2 instrument (Life Technologies) and enriched on a OneTouch 2 ES station (Life Technologies) to prepare template-positive Ion PI ion sphere particles (Life Technologies) using the Ion PI Hi-Q OT2 200 kit (Life Technologies). After enrichment, the mixed template-positive Ion PI ion sphere particles for each sample were loaded onto a P1v3 Proton Chip (Life Technologies) and sequenced on an Ion Proton sequencer using the Ion PI Hi-Q sequencing 200 kit (Life Technologies). The DESeq algorithm was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to elucidate the biological implications of the differentially expressed genes. We also validated the expression of changed genes in SW480 and LoVo cells following LINC01296 downregulation by qRT-PCR.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fractionation
LoVo and SW480 cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 10 minutes and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 5 minutes. Fixed cells were permeabilized for 10 minutes in PBS containing 0.5% Triton-X 100, followed by incubation at 37°C with pre-hybridization solution for 30 minutes. The cells were then incubated overnight at 37°C with probe-hybridization solution, and each slide was washed with hybridization washing buffer and dehydrated. The air-dried slides were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for detection. Ribo FISH kit and Ribo lncRNA FISH probe mix were purchased from Ribo (Guangzhou, China). The sequences of the probes used in this study are presented in Table 1. Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA were isolated using a PARIS kit (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay
RIP was used to determine if LINC01296 could interact or bind with EZH2 in SW480 cells (SW480 cell line). RIP assays were performed using an EZMagna RIP kit (Cat: 17-704; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RIP lysis buffer was included in the EZMagna RIP kit. SW480 cells were lysed in lysis buffer, and the extract was incubated for 6 hours at 4°C together with magnetic beads conjugated to antibodies recognizing EZH2 or control IgG (Millipore). The beads were then washed and incubated with proteinase K to remove proteins. Purified RNA was subjected to qRT-PCR to determine the presence of LINC01296 using specific primers.
Western blot analysis
Colon cancer cells (SW480 cell line) were harvested and washed with cold PBS and the cell pellets were lysed in 0.1 mL buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium pyrophosphate, and protease inhibitor cocktail). The supernatant was collected after centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 20 minutes at 4°C. Protein concentrations were determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Aliquots of the cleared supernatant containing total protein (25 µg) were resolved on a 15% acrylamide gel and subsequently transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Millipore).
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay
CRC cells were treated with formaldehyde and incubated for 10 minutes to generate DNA-protein cross-links. ChIP experiments were carried out using an EZ-Magna ChIPA kit (catalog number 17-408; Millipore). Cell lysates were sonicated to generate chromatin fragments of 200 to 300 bp in length and immunoprecipitated with anti-EZH2, anti-trimethyl-histone H3 (Lys27), and IgG antibodies (Millipore). Precipitated chromatin DNA was recovered and analyzed by qRT-PCR. The primer sequences targeted the p15 promoter region.
Animals used for in vivo experiments
Four-week-old male nude mice were purchased from the Animal Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). All the animal were kept under standard animal-room conditions ( 26–28°C, 40%–60% humidity, and a uniform dark-light cycle), under pathogen-free conditions. All the animal experiments were conducted at Nanjing Medical University. All animal care and experimental protocols complied with the Animal Management Rules of the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University (Approval No. IACUC-1601289).
Tumor-formation assay
Eight nude mice were divided randomly into two groups. SW480 cells were transfected with ASO-#1 or ASO-NC, harvested, washed with PBS, and re-suspended at 2 × 107 cells/mL. Suspended cells (100 µL) were injected into the lower right flank of each mouse. We then observed tumor formation in the nude mice and recorded the tumor size every 3 days. The mice were finally sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 18 days post-injection. The tumors were removed, photographed, and weighed, and then fixed in formaldehyde for pathological examination. Xenograft tumor tissues were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining to assess Ki-67 expression (Serbicebio Technology Co., Wuhan, China).
Statistical analysis
All experiments were performed in triplicate, and results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test and one-way or two-way analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). No post-hoc analysis was performed because of the limited number of experiments.
Results
LINC01296 expression in CRC tissues and its clinical significance
We obtained CRC and paired normal tissue samples from 51 patients. The characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 2. We measured LINC01296 expression levels in the paired CRC and normal tissues by qRT-PCR. LINC01296 was highly expressed in 37 of 51 CRC tissue samples (P = 0.001) (Figure 1a). Moreover, LINC01296 expression was positively associated with tumor TNM stage (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.025), and distant metastasis (P = 0.039) (Figure 1b–d), and negatively associated with survival (P < 0.001) (Figure 1e). These findings indicated that LINC01296 might play an important role in CRC development and progression.
Correlation between LINCO1296 expression and clinicopathologic parameters in patients with colorectal cancer.
LINC01296 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and its clinicopathological significance. (a) Heat map showing differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) found in CRC tissues according to The Cancer Genome Atlas data (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/). (b) Relative LINC01296 expression levels in paired CRC and normal tissues from 51 patients determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. (c–e) Elevated LINC01296 expression was positively associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis in CRC. High LINC01296 expression was negatively associated with survival rate. **P < 0.01. Triplicate experiments were conducted.
LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression
We explored the potential biological function of LINC01296 in CRC by examining its expression levels in six colon cancer cell lines (LoVo, SW480, SW620, HT29, HCT116, and DLD1). LINC01296 expression was high in LoVo, SW480, SW620, and HT29 cells, but low in HCT116 and DLD1 cells (Figure 2a). Considering both the availability and feasibility of these cell lines, we selected SW480 and LoVo cells with relatively high LINC01296 expression levels for subsequent experiments.
LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. (a) LINC01296 relative expression levels in LoVo, SW480, SW620, HT29, HCT116, and DLD1 cells detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (b) Relative LINC01296 expression levels in LoVo and SW480 cells after transfection with LINC01296 or negative control (NC) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) detected by qRT-PCR. (c) Growth curves for LoVo and SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 or NC ASOs determined by MTT assays. Cell viability was tested by MTT assay after transfection with LINC01296 or NC ASOs for 48 hours. (d) Colony formation was decreased in LoVo and SW480 cells transfected with LINC0196 ASOs compared with cells transfected with NC ASO. (e) Flow cytometric detection of the percentage of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases in LoVo and SW480 cells after transfection with LINC01296 or NC ASOs. **P<0.01; *P<0.05. Triplicate experiments were conducted.
To study the role of LINC01296 in more detail, we transfected SW480 and LoVo cells with specific ASOs targeting LINC01296 mRNA. qRT-PCR revealed significant inhibition of LINC01296 in both SW480 and LoVo cells (P < 0.001) (Figure 2b). We then evaluated the effects of LINC01296 knockdown on cell proliferation by MTT assay. Down-regulation of LINC01296 significantly decreased cell growth compared with control cells (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (Figure 2c). Similarly, transfection with LINC0196 ASOs significantly reduced the numbers of SW480 and LoVo cell clones in colony-formation assays compared with control cells (P < 0.05 LoVo, P < 0.01 SW480) (Figure 2d).
We also examined the effects of LINC01296 on the cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry. LINC01296 downregulation induced significant G0/G1 phase arrest (P < 0.05) and decreased the percentage of cells in S phase (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), but had no significant effect on the percentages of cells in G2/M phase (Figure 2e).
LINC01296 knockdown induced cell apoptosis and inhibited colon cancer cell migration
We determined the effect of LINC01296 on apoptosis in CRC cells by flow cytometry assays of SW480 and LoVo cells transfected with LINC01296 ASOs or ASO NC. Apoptosis was significantly increased in SW480 and LoVo cells transfected with LINC01296 ASO-1# and ASO-2# compared with control cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) (Figure 3a, b). In addition, LINC01296 knockdown inhibited the migration of SW480 and LoVo cells 24 hours after transfection compared with cells transfected with ASO-NC control, as shown by Transwell chamber assay (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (Figure 3c, d).
Effect of LINC01296 on colon cancer cell apoptosis and migration. LoVo and SW480 cells were transfected with LINC01296 or negative control (NC) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). (a, b) Flow cytometric detection of percentages of apoptotic LoVo and SW480 cells following ASO transfection. (c, d) Transwell assays were performed to examine the migratory abilities of LoVo and SW480 cells after transfection with LINC01296 or NC ASOs. Triplicate experiments were conducted. **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.
LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colon cancer growth in vivo
To confirm if LINC01296 affected tumor growth, we inoculated nude mice with SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 ASO-#1 or ASO NC and sacrificed them at 18 days post-injection. The growth curves showed that LINC01296 downregulation significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo (P < 0.01) (Figure 4a, b). Tumor weight and LINC01296 expression level were both significantly lower in the LINC01296 ASO-#1 group compared with the NC group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Figure 4c, d). Furthermore, expression of the proliferation-index factor Ki-67 was also significantly lower in the LINC01296 ASO-#1 group than in the control group (P < 0.01) (Figure 4e, f).
LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colorectal cancer tumorigenesis in vivo. (a) Tumor diameters in the LINC01296 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) group were significantly smaller than those in the negative control (NC) group. (b) Tumor growth curves for the LINC01296 and NC ASO groups. (c) Tumor weights were significantly lower in the LINC01296 ASO group compared with the NC ASO group. (d) Relative LINC01296 expression levels in tumor tissues from LINC01296 and NC ASO mice determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. (e, f) Immunohistochemical assays showed that expression of the proliferation-index factor Ki67 was lower in the LINC01296 ASO-#1 group than in the control group. **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. Triplicate experiments were conducted.
Differentially expressed genes following LINC01296 downregulation
We performed next-generation sequencing of SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 ASO or ASO NC to identify potential downstream targets of LINC01296 in CRC cells. Expression levels of 1950 genes were altered in SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 ASO-#1 compared with control cells (Figure 5a). Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these differentially expressed genes were enriched in functions including gene expression regulation, the Notch signaling pathway, and cell cycle regulation (Figure 5b). Following LINC01296 knockdown, 26 up-regulated genes were identified in SW480 cells, corresponding to gene products involved in cell cycle regulation. Among these, p15, interferon regulatory factor 1, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 play roles in both cell cycle arrest and negative regulation of cell proliferation (Figure 5c). Furthermore, we validated the elevation of p15 expression in both SW480 and LoVo cells following LINC01296 downregulation (Figure 5d), and we therefore selected p15 as a target gene for additional study.
Identification of downstream targets of LINC01296 in colorectal cancer cells. (a) Heat map showing 1950 differentially expressed genes in SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) relative to expression levels in the control group, identified by RNA sequencing. (b) Gene Ontology and pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes. (c) Overlap analyses of genes enriched for roles in cell cycle arrest and negative regulation of cell proliferation pathways. (d) Relative expression levels of p15, interferon regulatory factor 1, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand in LoVo and SW480 cells transfected with LINC01296 or negative control ASOs detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. Triplicate experiments were conducted
LINC01296 repressed p15 transcription through interactions with EZH2
We investigated the mechanism by which LINC01296 regulated p15 expression in CRC cells by examining the subcellular distribution of LINC01296 in SW480 and LoVo cells. LINC01296 was mainly localized in the nucleus, according to FISH and cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA-isolation analyses (Figure 6a, b). Recent studies identified lncRNAs that interacted with EZH2 to downregulate expression of the tumor suppressor gene p15. 15 In the present study, RIP showed that LINC01296 could also bind to the EZH2 protein in SW480 cells (Figure 6c). We then transfected cells with EZH2 siRNA to downregulate its expression, and qRT-PCR verified significant siRNA-mediated decreases in EZH2 levels in SW480 and LoVo cells. Interestingly, EZH2 knockdown significantly increased p15 mRNA expression levels in SW480 and LoVo cells (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Figure 6d). These results were confirmed by western blotting (Figure 6e). These findings suggested that LINC01296 inhibited p15 levels by binding to the EZH2 protein.
LINC01296 represses p15 gene expression by interacting with EZH2. (a) Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of subcellular distribution of LINC01296 in SW480 and LoVo cells. Red, LINC01296 probe signal; blue, DAPI signal. (b) Cytoplasmic:nuclear expression ratios of LINC01296 in SW480 and LoVo cells detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (c) RNA immunoprecipitation results showed relative enrichment of LINC01296 RNA bound to EZH2 compared with levels bound to IgG. (d) Relative EZH2 and p15 mRNA expression levels in SW480 and LoVo cells transfected with EZH2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) detected by qRT-PCR. (e) Relative EZH2 and p15 protein expression levels in SW480 and LoVo cells transfected with EZH2 siRNA or LINC01296 antisense oligonucleotides detected by western blotting. (f) Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that LINC01296 knockdown decreased EZH2 binding and H3K27me3 in the p15 promoter. **P<0.01; *P<0.05. Triplicate experiments were conducted.
We then designed a set of primers specific for the p15 promoter region and performed ChIP analysis using anti-EZH2 and anti-trimethyl-histone H3 (Lys27) antibodies. LINC01296 knockdown decreased EZH2 and histone H3 with trimethylated lysine 27 (H3K27me3) binding to the p15 promoter (Figure 6f), suggesting that LINC01296 might repress p15 levels in CRC cells, at least in part by interacting with EZH2.
Discussion
In the present study, we demonstrated that LINC01296 expression levels were increased in CRC. Down-regulation of LINC01296 inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, and promoted colon cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro. LINC01296 also functioned as an oncogene by suppressing p15 expression by interacting with EZH2 in CRC.
LINC01296 is implicated in the pathology of certain human cancers, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and CRC. 13 However, its expression patterns, clinicopathological significance, and functional roles in CRC have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we showed that LINC01296 expression was significantly up-regulated in most colon cancer cell lines and in CRC tissues, with high expression levels associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis in patients with CRC. Our results also suggested that LINC01296 might play an oncogenic role in CRC. The expression of LINC01296 was negatively correlated with patient survival, which was inconsistent with the findings of Qiu et al., 13 who reported that elevated LINC01296 levels were associated with better overall survival rates in patients with CRC, based on several published datasets derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. However, functional studies of LINC01296 in prostate and bladder cancer tissues support an oncogenic role for LINC01296 in tumorigenesis.9,10
In the present study, LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, LINC01296 downregulation altered the expression levels of thousands of genes in CRC cells, including those enriched in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and transcription.
The current study also showed that expression of the cell cycle regulator p15 was significantly up-regulated in SW480 cells following LINC01296 knockdown. p15 acts as a tumor suppressor in various human cancers, including pancreatic cancer, malignant melanoma, leukemia, maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer.16,17 Recent studies revealed that the p15 gene was inactivated by genomic deletion, mutation, and hypermethylation of the promoter region in a variety of human cancers.18,19 Additionally, Kudoh et al. 20 identified p15 and p16 gene deletions in ovarian cancers using PCR and analyzed the relationship between gene activation and sensitivity to chemotherapy, reporting homozygous p15 deletions in 33% of primary epithelial ovarian cancer cases. Hypermethylation is another important epigenetic mechanism involved in p15 silencing in human cancers. Ishiguro et al. 21 investigated the methylation of the p15 gene in CRC using methylation-specific PCR, and revealed aberrant p15 promoter methylation in 26% of tumor tissues compared with only 2.4% of normal mucosae.
In addition to genetic alterations and promoter DNA CpG methylation, p15 transcription could also be repressed by LINC01296 in CRC cells by a process mediated by the histone methyltransferase EZH2. EZH2 is a subunit of the polycomb repressor complex 2 and plays oncogenic roles in human cancers.22,23 EZH2 was recently found to induce transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (including p15) via H3K27me3.24,25 Our results revealed that p15 expression increased after downregulation of both LINC01296 and EZH2. Furthermore, RIP assays confirmed that LINC01296 could bind to EZH2, and ChIP assays confirmed that EZH2 could bind to the p15 promoter and that H3K27me3 modifications decreased following LINC01296 downregulation. These findings indicate that LINC01296 might contribute to CRC cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in a manner partially dependent upon the repression of p15 expression.
This study had several limitations that need to be addressed in future experiments. First, our experiments focused on cell lines with high LINC01296 expression (LoVo and SW480 cell lines), and further experiments using more cell lines, including low-expressing cell lines, should be carried out to confirm the results of this study. Second, the specific nuclear localization on LINC01296 should be verified by nucleus–cytoplasm WB assay
In summary, our results revealed that LINC01296 is highly expressed in CRC cells and CRC tissues, and that high levels of LINC01296 expression are associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Additionally, LINC01296 knockdown inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and slowed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, LINC01296 functions as an oncogene by suppressing p15 expression by interacting with EZH2 in CRC. Our findings indicate that expression of LINC01296 could be a marker for CRC progression, with potential implications for targeted therapy.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflicting interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was partly supported by Wuxi Commission of Health [grant numbers MS201736, Q201938], and Jiangsu Commission of Health [grant number H2019103].
