Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital anatomical variation. However, patients with SIT combined with cancer are rare and these patients with two types of lung cancer have not been reported. We report here a case of combined lung adenocarcinoma and solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura with SIT and discuss its clinicopathological features and outcomes. A 68-year-old asymptomatic woman was referred to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University because of an abnormal shadow on chest radiography. Computed tomography showed SIT and an irregularly shaped nodule (measuring 38 × 27 mm in diameter) in the pleural area of the left lower lobe and a 5-mm nodule in the dorsal segment of the lower lobe of the left lung. Surgery was then performed. For such patients, we should eliminate anxiety in patients, perform regular reexaminations, focus on the individual features of these patients, and avoid misdiagnosis because of habitual thinking. At the same time, the lymph nodes should be completely removed and different parts of the tumor with different properties should be treated differently according to the situation.

Keywords

Situs inversus totalis lung adenocarcinoma solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura lymphadenectomy immunohistochemistry lymph node surgical treatment

Introduction

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital anatomical variation, which was first reported by Fabricus in 1600 and first named by Sherk et al. in 1922.¹ SIT manifests as complete mirror image transpositions of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, with an incidence in 1/8000 to 1/25,000 of the normal population.² However, the incidence of SIT is not consistent, ranging from 1: 4000 to 1: 60,000.^3–5 The first reports of lung cancer with SIT were found in 1952⁶ and 1963.⁷ Generally, this rare anomaly is discovered or diagnosed incidentally during thoracic and abdominal imaging. Although the exact etiology of SIT remains unknown, SIT is thought to result from chromosomal abnormalities that lead to a reversal of right–left polarity.⁸,⁹

There have been no reports on combined lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) with SIT. We report here a case of combined LUAD and SFTP with SIT and discuss its clinicopathological features and outcomes.

Case report

A 68-year-old non-smoking Chinese woman with SIT was referred to our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on chest radiography for 4 days. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed an irregularly shaped nodule (measuring 38 × 27 mm in diameter) in the pleural area of the left lower lobe and SIT (Figure 1a) and a 5-mm nodule in the dorsal segment of the lower lobe of the left lung (Figure 1b). Bronchoscopy confirmed that the left and right bronchial branches were mirror images of each other. Because we were unable to obtain a definitive diagnosis by the bronchoscopic approach, we performed CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy and surgery was planned for diagnosis and treatment. Intraoperatively, we established that the location of the superior vena cava and azygos vein mirrored the normal distribution, and that the aortic arch was absent from the left thoracic cavity. The left lung was well lobulated into three lobes and the anatomy of the left side of the pulmonary artery had features typical of the normal right side.

Figure 1.

Chest computed tomography shows an irregularly shaped nodule (measuring 38 × 27 mm in diameter) in the pleural area of the left lower lobe and situs inversus totalis (a), and a 5-mm nodule in the dorsal segment of the lower lobe of the left lung (b).

On 9 January 2018, the patient underwent thoracoscopic wedge resection of the left lower lobe of the lung plus lymphadenectomy. The tumor was located in the lower left lobe. The location of the lesion in the basal segment was obvious and the interlobar fissure was removed. Wedge resection of the two lesions was performed to remove the lesions and they were sent for rapid pathology. Pathology showed that the tumor in the dorsal segment of the left lower lobe was adenocarcinoma in situ (0.5 cm in diameter) and the mass in the basal segment was a fusiform cell soft tissue tumor with sclerotic, slightly heteromorphic cells. These findings suggested that we should treat the lesions as borderline tumors. Precise diagnosis needed to be performed by immunohistochemistry. The lymph nodes of 11 groups were removed.

Postoperative pathology showed that the tumor in the dorsal segment of the lower left lobe was adenocarcinoma in situ (0.6 × 0.5 cm), without invasion of the local pulmonary capsule and without involvement of the end of the lung. The mass in the basal segment was a solitary fibrous tumor (5.5 × 4×2 cm). Most of the tumor showed collagenous sclerosis, and some areas had abundant cells, active growth, and mitotic cells >4/10 high power fields. There was no clear hemorrhage and necrosis, and atypical and malignant fibrous tissue cells were found. No metastasis was found in the lymph nodes of 11 groups. Immunohistochemical results showed the following: pan-cytokeratin (−), vimentin (+), synaptophsin (−), CD56 (−), CD34 (+), CD99 (+), S100 (−), desmin (−), smooth muscle actin (−), and Ki-67 (+) 10% (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Hematoxylin and eosin staining. The tumor in the dorsal segment of the lower left lobe is adenocarcinoma in situ (0.6 × 0.5 cm) (a) and the mass in the basal segment is a solitary fibrous tumor (5.5 × 4×2 cm) (b). Magnification, ×200.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of coexistence of two types of tumors and SIT, which were surgically treated in China, and also the first patient to be reported in PubMed with two types of tumors from different sources. A previous report showed that a patient with SIT had the same tumor in two locations of the lung.¹⁰

In multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC), Beyreuther¹¹ reported the first definite case of double primary lung cancer in 1924, and more cases of multiple primary lung cancer have since been found. Our patients had the combination of adenocarcinoma and a solid fibrous tumor, which is in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of MPLC. At present, the 5-year survival rate of MPLC is 12.5% to 27.1%,¹²,¹³ which is better than that of lung metastasis. Riquet et al.¹² believed that when the histological type of multiple primary tumors is cancer, the prognosis is not conducive to the occurrence of MPLC, which may be more serious than lung metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

SIT is a rare genetic abnormality. The first report of a patient with SIT and lung cancer was in 1952,¹⁴ and in 1990, the first lung cancer surgery was performed in patients with SIT.⁴ SIT is characterized by mirror images of the normal position of organs. However, the altered position of the organs may lead to difficulty in diagnosis and orientation and dissection during surgery. This increases the operative difficulty, thus increasing the risk of iatrogenic injures and the operative time.¹⁵,¹⁶

There have been 28 cases of SIT and lung cancer reported in the literature.^3–7,¹⁰,^16–22 There were 24 men and 4 women. The mean age of the patients was 65.1 ± 9.3 years. Six (6/21.4%) of the patients presented with Kartagener syndrome. There were 16 left and 12 right lung cancer cases. Many (28%–32.1%) of these patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, with a similar rate to that in the general population.

Twenty cases of SIT cases were operated on, with 8 on the right and 12 on the left. Upper lobectomy was performed in four cases, lower lobectomy in three cases, and thoracotomy in one case. There were three cases of pulmonary resection, five cases of upper lobectomy, two cases of lower lobectomy, one case of lower lobectomy, and one case of middle lobectomy. One patient underwent right laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Eight patients did not have an operation. Five patients received adjuvant treatment, four patients received symptomatic treatment, and treatment was unknown in one patient. The patients’ characteristic are shown in Table 1. Correct preoperative evaluation ensures the safety of the operation.¹⁹ In an abdominal emergency operation, understanding the anatomical abnormality is important to prevent complications of the operation, and appendectomy and cholecystectomy should be correctly chosen.¹⁹ All patients with lung cancer/SIT were treated selectively and with appropriate preoperative diagnosis. The left side was a radical operation and the right side was exploratory thoracotomy. In all cases, the lungs and mediastinum had contralateral anatomical features in the description of the surgical field. The lungs also showed typical changes in the interlobar fissure, bronchial tree, and pulmonary vessels. Ten cases of thoracotomy and five cases of video-assisted thoracic surgery were performed.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with SIT and lung cancer.

Number	First author	Year	Sex	Age	Side	Treatment	Disease	Histology
1	Baruah⁶	1952	M	52	Right	Symptomatic	Kartagener S.	SCLC
2	Thompson⁷	1963	M	58	Right	Symptomatic	SIT	Indefinite
3	Stastny²³	1967	M	60	Left	Symptomatic	SIT	SCLC
4	Inoue³	1980	M	57	Left	Pneumonectomy	Kartagener S.	NSCLC(s)
5	Kodama⁴	1990	M	68	Left	Middle lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(s)
6	Hachiya²⁴	1993	M	71	Right	Symptomatic	Kartagener S.	NSCLC(s)
7	Inoue³	1994	M	77	Left	Chemotherapy	Kartagener S.	SCLC
8	Modi²⁵	2004	M	68	Left	Unreported	SIT	NSCLC
9	Subotich²⁶	2006	M	71	Left	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
10	Bougaki²⁷	2007	M	74	Left	Upper lobectomy	SIT	Indefinite
11	Koichi²⁸	2008	M	72	Right	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(s)
12	Murakawa¹⁷	2009	M	74	Left	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(s)
13	Rahimi-Rad²⁹	2009	M	59	Left	Conservative	SIT	SCLC
14	Bielewicz³⁰	2009	M	74	Left	Lower bilobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(s)
15	Horie³¹	2010	M	71	Right	Chemoradiation	Kartagener S.	NSCLC(s)
16	Haruki⁵	2010	M	79	Right	Explorative thoracotomy +chemotherapy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
17	Hino³²	2010	M	58	Left	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
18	Inoue³	2011	M	65	Left	Pneumonectomy	Kartagener S.	NSCLC(s)
19	Shimizu³³	2011	F	76	Left	Lower lobectomy +chemotherapy	SIT	NSCLC(as)
20	Wojcik¹⁹	2012	M	69	Left	Pneumonectomy +adrenalectomy +chemotherapy	SIT	NSCLC(l)
21	Yoshida¹⁸	2012	M	74	Right	Lower lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
22	Wójcik¹⁹	2013	M	71	Left	Lower bilobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
23	Lin¹⁶	2016	M	50	Right	Lower lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(s)
24	Ye²⁰	2017	M	47	Right	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
25	Juma²¹	2017	M	62	Right	Lower lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
26	Gonzalez-Rivas¹⁰	2018	F	48	Right	S1–S2 and S6 lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
27	Kanayama³⁴	2018	F	61	Left	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(a)
28	Tao Zhu²²	2019	F	58	Right	Upper lobectomy	SIT	NSCLC(le)

M, male; F, female; Kartagener S, Kartagener syndrome + SIT; SIT, situs inversus totalis; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NSCLC(s), squamous cell carcinoma; NSCLC(a), adenocarcinoma; NSCLC(l), large cell carcinoma; NSCLC(as), adenosquamous cell carcinoma; NSCLC(le), lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma.

In all cases of SIT and lung cancer, the lungs and the mediastinum had anatomical features of the opposite side in the description of the operative field. Because of technical conditions, left pneumonectomy was performed and no other vessel anomalies were described.¹⁹ SIT is more common in Japan and Eastern Europe, and its symptoms and clinical course are similar to other lung cancers. The most difficult cases to diagnose and treat are patients with lung cancer/Kartagener syndrome because this disease can have the form of recurrent bronchitis and hemoptysis.³ There is little experience of treatment in the 28 patients with lung cancer/SIT, although the symptoms and the clinical course of this disease are similar to other lung cancer cases. The majority of these patients were men (24/28% to 85.7%), although in previous reports of SIT only,¹⁹ the occurrence of this disease was equally distributed across the sexes.

Conclusions

The association between SIT and malignant tumors is controversial. Because of the limitation of the number of cases and other objective aspects, this relationship requires further clinical and epidemiological studies. For such patients, we should eliminate tension of patients, perform regular reexaminations, focus on the individual features of these patients, and avoid misdiagnosis of habitual thinking. Additionally, the lymph nodes need to be thoroughly removed and different parts of the tumor with different properties should be treated differently according to the situation.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethics

The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the Qingdao Haici Medical Treatment Group (Qingdao, China). The patient provided written informed consent for publication of this report and accompanying images.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iD

Xuan Qiu

References

Sherk

HH.

Total transposition of the viscera. Surg Gynec and Obst 1922; 25: 53–57.

Lee

Kim

Jung

, et al. Situs anomalies and gastrointestinal abnormalities. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 1237–1242.

Inoue

Suga

Sekido

, et al. A case of surgically resected lung cancer in a patient with Kartagener’s syndrome. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2011; 36: 21–24.

Kodama

Doi

Tatsuta

Situs inversus totalis and lung cancer. Chest 1990; 97: 1274–1275.

Haruki

Maeta

Nakamura

, et al. Advanced cancer with situs inversus totalis associated with KIF3 complex deficiency: report of two cases. Surg Today 2010; 40: 162–166.

Baruah

Chari

MV.

Kartagener’s syndrome with bronchogenic carcinoma. J Indian Med Assoc 1952; 21: 438–439.

Thompson

JR.

Bronchogenic carcinoma complicating situs inversus totalis: report of a case. Dis Chest 1963; 44: 317–319.

Alonso

Pierpont

Radtke

, et al. Heterotaxia syndrome and autosomal dominant inheritance. Am J Med Genet 1995; 56: 12–15.

Koiffmann

Wajntal

De Souza

, et al. Human situs determination and chromosome constitution 46, XY, ins(7; 8)(q22; q12q24). Am J Med Genet 1993; 47: 568–569.

10.

Gonzalez-Rivas

Soultanis

Zheng

, et al. Situs inversus uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic right anatomic segmentectomy S1-S2 and S6. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10: E383–E386.

11.

Beyreuther

Multiplicitiit yon Carcinomen bei einem Fall yon sog. Schenecberger Lungenkrebs mit tuberkulose. Virchows Arch Path Anat 1924; 250: 230–243.

12.

Riquet

Cazes

Pfeuty

, et al. Multiple lung cancers prognosis: what about histology? Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86: 921–926.

13.

Lin

Huang

, et al. Propensity score analysis of lung cancer risk in a population with high prevalence of non-smoking related lung cancer. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17: 120.

14.

Vachani

Sequist

Spira

AJRCCM: 100-year anniversary. The shifting landscape for lung cancer: past, present, and future.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 1150–1160.

15.

Goyal

Garg

Singla

VK.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: two case reports with review of literature. Arch Med Health Sci 2015; 3: 272–278.

16.

Lin

Yang

Guo

, et al. Lung cancer mimicking aortic dissecting aneurysm in a patient with situs inversus totalis. Thorac Cancer 2016; 7: 254–256.

17.

Murakawa

Nakajima

Fukami

, et al. Lung cancer operation in situs inversus totalis patient. Kyobu Geka 2009; 62: 1010–1013.

18.

Yoshida

Hino

Machida

, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer in a patient with complete situs inversus. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 61: 155–159.

19.

Wójcik

Grodzki

Bielewicz

, et al. Lung cancer in situs inversus totalis (SIT) – literature review. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58: 1–8.

20.

Shen

Kong

, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery right upper lobectomy in a situs inversus totalis patient. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: E1018–E1020.

21.

Juma

Wang

Chen

, et al. Lobectomy for lung cancer by video-assisted thoracic surgery in situs inversus. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2017; 25: 219–221.

22.

Zhu

Chen

Tang

, et al. Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma combined with situs inversus totalis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132: 223–226.

23.

Stastný

Bronchogenic carcinoma in a patient with a total inversion of viscera. Cesk Radiol 1967; 21: 58–59.

24.

Hachiya

Koizumi

Hayasaka

, et al. A case of Kartagener’s syndrome with lung cancer. J Jpn Soc Bronchol 1993; 15: 179–184.

25.

Modi

Fulham

Mohamed

Incidental situs inversus visualized with FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med 2004; 29: 846–847.

26.

Subotich

Mandarich

Katchar

, et al. Lung resection for primary bronchial carcinoma in a patient with complete situs inversus. Clin Anat 2006; 19: 358–362.

27.

Bougaki

Orii

Yamada

Right bronchial intubation using a left-sided double-lumen tube in a patient with situs inversus. Masui 2007; 56: 1411–1413.

28.

Koichi

Hiroyuki

Hisashi

, et al. Lung resection for pulmonary carcinoma in a patient with complete situs inversus. J Jpn Assoc Chest Surg 2008; 22: 850–853.

29.

Rahimi-Rad

Eishi

Superior vena cava syndrome in a man with situs inversus totalis and left main bronchus cancer. Pneumonologia 2009; 58: 52–54.

30.

Bielewicz

Wojtyś

Witkowska

, et al. Niedrobnokomórkowy rak płuca u chorego z zespołem całkowitego odwrócenia trzewi [Non-small cell lung cancer in patient with visceral total inversion]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2009; 77: 200–204. In Polish.

31.

Horie

Arai

Noguchi

, et al. Kartagener syndrome with lung cancer and mediastinal tumor. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2010; 48: 375–378.

32.

Hino

Yamashita

Mukaida

, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer in a patient with complete situs inversus. J Jpn Assoc Chest Surg 2010; 24: 247–250.

33.

Shimizu

Arano

Adachi

, et al. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung in a patient with complete situs inversus. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 17: 178–181.

34.

Kanayama