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Abstract

Objective

To investigate the relationship between pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels and survival in Chinese patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 82 patients with SCLC treated at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2012 to January 2015. All patients were followed up. Associations between pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels measured by immunoturbidimetric assay and clinical outcomes were analyzed by Kaplan–Meier and multivariate analyses, using a cut-off level of 0.55 mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU).

Results

Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly higher in patients with low D-dimer levels (≤0.55 mg/L FEU; 8.0 and 17.0 months, respectively) compared with patients with high levels (>0.55 mg/L FEU; 5.0 and 9.0 months, respectively). Plasma D-dimer levels, Karnofsky performance status, N stage, TNM stage, treatment, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were significantly associated with PFS, while D-dimer levels, N stage, TNM stage, and treatment were significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM stage, treatment, and NSE levels were independently associated with PFS, while D-dimer levels and treatment were independently associated with OS.

Conclusions

Pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels were independently associated with OS in patients with SCLC.

Keywords

D-dimer small cell lung cancer survival prognosis progression-free survival pretreatment level

Introduction

Lung cancer is among the most common malignant tumors in humans and is associated with high mortality.¹ Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor² that accounts for about 14% of all lung cancer cases.³ Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in China, with an incidence of 53.6 per 10 million in 2009, largely due to the high proportion of smokers.⁴ Compared with non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), SCLC shows a higher degree of malignancy, shorter doubling time, early metastasis, poor prognosis, and a 5-year survival of <7%.⁵ The median survival without treatment is 2 to 4 months, irrespective of the clinical stage.⁶ Recognized prognostic factors for SCLC include performance status,⁷ sex,⁸ age,⁸ expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene-1,⁷ tumor size,^8,9 tumor stage,^7,8 and blood carboxyhemoglobin levels.¹⁰

Previous studies showed that coagulation disorders are often the first signs of a malignant tumor.^11,12 The tumor can induce a pro-coagulant state, and the activated coagulation factors then promote tumor growth, infiltration, metastasis, and angiogenesis.^11,12 D-dimer is produced by fibrin degradation, and measurement of D-dimer levels can help in the diagnosis of thrombosis.¹³ Plasma D-dimer levels are correlated with prognosis in patients with malignant tumors,^14–16 and were shown to be independently associated with the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,¹⁴ operable colorectal cancer,¹⁵ lung cancer in general (mostly types other than SCLC),¹⁷ and in various other cancers.¹⁶

However, data on the prognostic value of plasma D-dimer levels in SCLC are lacking. The current study therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels and survival in Chinese patients with SCLC.

Patients and methods

Patients

This was a retrospective cohort study including 82 Chinese patients with SCLC treated at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2012 to January 2015.

The inclusion criteria were: 1) pathological diagnosis of SCLC¹⁸ (if mixed with other pathological components, the SCLC component should be predominant); 2) age >18 years; 3) Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score ≥70; 4) treated with at least four cycles of standard first-line etoposide + platinum drugs; 5) received at least two cycles of second-line chemotherapy such as irinotecan, topotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, or combined platinum; 6) with complete coagulation data; and 7) with complete follow-up data. The exclusion criteria were: 1) history of anticoagulant therapy; 2) history of any cancer before SCLC diagnosis; or 3) history of radiotherapy and chemotherapy prior to blood sampling for D-dimer measurement.

The study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital, which waived the need for individual consent.

D-dimer and neuron-specific enolase levels

Fasting blood was collected from an antecubital vein into vacutainer tubes containing anticoagulant citrate buffer (1:9, buffer:blood; 3 mL of blood) and clotting agent (3.5 mL of blood), respectively, within 1 week prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Plasma (for D-dimer assay) was obtained by centrifugation at 400 × g for 25 minutes. D-dimer levels were determined by immunoturbidimetric assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Marburg, Germany) using a SYSMEX CA-7000 system (Sysmex Corp., Kobe, Japan). The cut-off value for plasma D-dimer levels used by the hospital laboratory was 0.55 mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU), based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. Serum (for neuron-specific enolase [NSE] assay) was obtained by centrifugation at 2860 × g for 15 minutes. Serum NSE levels were measured within 7 days before chemotherapy using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay method (SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The cut-off value for plasma NSE levels was 16.3 ng/mL, based on the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Data collection

Information on age, sex, KPS score, smoking status (smoker defined as a smoking history of at least 30 packs/year; former smoker defined as having quit for at least 15 years¹⁹), TNM stage, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and treatment were extracted from the medical records.

Follow-up

The patients were followed up until 31 January 2017. The patients underwent head magnetic resonance imaging, and thoracic and abdominal computed tomography every two cycles of chemotherapy. Progression was evaluated based on RECIST 1.1.²⁰ Progression-free survival (PFS) was measured as the time from the first cycle of chemotherapy to progression or death, and overall survival (OS) was the time from the first cycle of chemotherapy to death. Follow-up was censored at the last visit for patients who were still alive on 31 January 2017.

Statistical analysis

Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (range), as appropriate. Categorical data are presented as frequencies. Differences between different stages for D-dimer and fibrinogen levels were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-tests, and categorical variables were compared using χ² tests. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Factors with a P value < 0.05 in univariate analysis were assessed by multivariate analysis. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

The characteristics of the 82 patients are shown in Table 1. The patients’ ages ranged from 28 to 82 years (median, 60 years).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.

Clinical characteristic	Category	n (%)
Age (years)
	<60	36 (43.9)
	≥60	46 (56.1)
Sex
	Male	67 (81.7)
	Female	15 (18.3)
KPS score
	90–100	46 (56.1)
	70–90	36 (43.9)
Smoking status
	Yes	63 (76.8)
	No	19 (23.2)
D-dimer (mg/L FEU)
	≤0.55	29 (35.4)
	>0.55	53 (64.6)
Clinical Stage
T stage
	T1+T2+T3	43 (52.4)
	T4	39 (47.6)
N stage
	N0+N1+N2	45 (54.9)
	N3	37(45.1)
TNM stage
	I+II+IIIa	19 (23.2)
	IIIb+IV	63 (76.8)
Brain metastases
	Yes	26 (31.7)
	No	56 (68.3)
VTE
	Yes	4 (4.9)
	No	78 (95.1)
Treatment
	Chemotherapy only	27 (32.9)
	Chemoradiotherapy	55 (67.1)
NSE (ng/mL)
	0–16.3	11 (13.4)
	>16.3	71 (86.6)

KPS, Karnofsky performance status; TNM, tumor node metastasis; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; VTE, venous thromboembolism

Fifty-five patients received chest, bone, or brain radiation. VTE was observed in 4.9% (n = 4) of the study population during follow-up (3 deep vein thrombosis, 1 pulmonary embolism). Fifty-three patients had above-normal (0.55 mg/L FEU) plasma D-dimer levels. The pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels ranged from 0.12 to 5.27 mg/L FEU (median, 1.25 mg/L FEU).

Survival

The median PFS and OS according to Kaplan–Meier analysis were 8.0 and 17.0 months, respectively, in patients with low D-dimer levels (≤0.55 mg/L FEU), and 5.0 and 9.0 months in patients with high D-dimer levels (>0.55 mg/L FEU) (PFS: P < 0.001; OS: P < 0.001) (Figure 1). Median PFS and OS were 5 and 8 months, respectively, in patients with chemotherapy only compared with 6 and 10 months in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (PFS: P = 0.019; OS: P = 0.013) (Figure 1). Fibrinogen levels were not significantly associated with OS or PFS (Figure 2).

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier curves for progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with small cell lung cancer according to pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels (A and B) and treatment (C and D)

Figure 2.

Kaplan–Meier curves for progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) in patients with small cell lung cancer according to plasma fibrinogen level. The differences were not statistically significant. Fbg, plasma fibrinogen

Univariate analysis

KPS score (P = 0.047), plasma D-dimer level (P < 0.001), N stage (P = 0.003), TNM stage (P < 0.001), treatment (P = 0.038), and NSE level (P = 0.032) were significantly associated with PFS, while D-dimer level (P < 0.001), N stage (P < 0.001), TNM stage (P < 0.001), and treatment (P = 0.021) were significantly associated with OS (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate analyses of associations between clinical characteristics and OS.

Variable	Progression-free survival			Overall survival
Variable	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Age	0.926	0.577–1.486	0.749	1.040	0.648–1.670	0.870
Sex	0.871	0.467–1.624	0.664	0.849	0.456–1.579	0.605
KPS score	1.620	1.006–2.608	0.047	1.611	0.998–2.602	0.051
Smoking status	0.815	0.465–1.427	0.474	0.909	0.520–1.590	0.738
D-dimer	3.049	1.765–5.265	<0.001	4.239	2.395–7.503	<0.001
T stage	1.391	0.870–2.224	0.169	1.294	0.812–2.060	0.278
N stage	2.117	1.286–3.484	0.003	2.626	1.570–4.392	<0.001
TNM stage	3.799	2.027–7.120	<0.001	4.096	2.200–7.626	<0.001
Brain metastases	1.345	0.821–2.204	0.240	1.452	0.889–2.374	0.136
VTE	0.868	0.273–2.764	0.811	0.902	0.283–2.872	0.861
Treatment	0.593	0.361–0.972	0.038	0.563	0.345–0.918	0.021
NSE	2.398	1.079–5.328	0.032	1.607	0.766–3.373	0.210

HR, hazard ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; KPS, Karnofsky performance status; TNM, tumor node metastasis; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; VTE, venous thromboembolism

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM stage (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–6.07, P = 0.021), treatment (HR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35–0.98, P = 0.043), and NSE level (HR = 2.60, 95%CI: 1.12–6.07, P = 0.027) were independently associated with PFS, while D-dimer level (HR = 2.73, 95%CI: 1.33–5.63, P = 0.006) and treatment (HR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.34–0.93, P = 0.024) were independently associated with OS (Table 3).

Table 3.

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of factors associated with survival in patients with small cell lung cancer.

Variable	Progression-free survival			Overall survival
Variable	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
KPS score	1.160	0.597–2.255	0.661	–	–	–
D-dimer	1.878	0.910–3.877	0.088	2.733	1.326–5.630	0.006
N stage	0.793	0.373–1.685	0.547	1.236	0.699–2.186	0.467
TNM stage	2.649	1.157–6.066	0.021	2.116	0.970–4.615	0.060
Treatment	0.589	0.352–0.983	0.043	0.560	0.339–0.925	0.024
NSE	2.603	1.116–6.072	0.027	–	–	–

HR, hazard ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; KPS score, Karnofsky performance status score of either 90–100 or 70–90; TNM, tumor node metastasis; NSE, neuron-specific enolase

Correlations between D-dimer level and tumor stage

High D-dimer levels were associated with T4 stage (76.9% vs. 53.5%, P = 0.03 vs. T1+T2+T3), N3 stage (94.6% vs. 40.0%, P < 0.001 vs. N0+N1+N2), and IIIb+IV stage (82.5% vs. 5.4%, P < 0.001 vs. I+II+IIIa) (Table 4). Fibrinogen levels were not associated with TNM stage.

Table 4.

Correlations between clinical TNM stage and D-dimer and fibrinogen levels.

Clinical stage			P value
T stage	T1+T2+T3	T4
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	1.14 ± 1.16	1.37 ± 1.38	0.183^$
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	0.62 (0.12, 5.27)	0.91 (0.25, 5.27)	0.183^$
>0.55 mg/L (n, %)	23, 53.5%	30, 76.9%	0.027
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD) Median (min, max)	378.35 ± 113.72	391.34 ± 106.37	0.504^$
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD) Median (min, max)	384 (236.0, 783.0)	397 (203.0, 666.0)	0.504^$
>Normal	20, 46.5%	18, 46.2%	0.974
N stage	N0+N1+N2	N3
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	0.83 ± 0.96	1.77 ± 1.41	<0.001^$
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	0.50 (0.12, 5.27)	1.20 (0.28, 5.27)	<0.001^$
>0.55 mg/L (n, %)	18, 40.0%	35, 94.6%	<0.001
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	386.18 ± 112.83	382.52 ± 107.51	0.915^$
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	397.0 (203.0, 783.0)	379.0 (236.0, 666.0)	0.915^$
>Normal	21, 46.7%	17, 46.0%	0.948
TNM stage	I+II+IIIa	IIIb+IV
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	0.57 ± 0.57	1.46 ± 1.35	<0.001^$
D-dimer (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	0.42 (0.15, 2.81)	0.91 (0.12, 5.27)	<0.001^$
>0.55 mg/L (n, %)	1, 5.4%	52, 82.5%	<0.001
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	371.02 ± 103.67	388.60 ± 112.06	0.370^$
Fibrinogen (mean ± SD)Median (min, max)	358.0 (253.0, 623.0)	397 (203.0, 783.0)	0.370^$
>Normal	8, 42.1%	30, 47.6%	0.673

SD, standard deviation. ^$, Mann–Whitney test

Discussion

Coagulation activation is common in cancer patients and is associated with a poor prognosis.^11,12 However, information on D-dimer levels in patients with SCLC is scarce. We therefore measured plasma D-dimer levels in Chinese patients with SCLC, and showed that pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels were independently associated with OS.

Activation of the hemostatic system is involved in tumor development, dissemination, and metastasis,^17,21 and activation of fibrinolysis secondary to coagulation activation is a well-recognized complication in patients with lung cancer.²² Fibrin deposits in lung cancer tissues have been suggested to promote the proliferation of cancer cells as well as the development of new blood vessels, while these deposits could also protect the tumor cells from immune cells or chemotherapeutic agents and promote their capillary implantation.²³

D-dimer is a product of cross-linked fibrin degradation by plasmin-induced fibrinolytic activity, and D-dimer levels are a biomarker of global hemostasis and fibrinolysis.²⁴ High D-dimer levels were associated with poor prognoses in patients with breast,^25–27 colon and rectum,^28,29 and lung^30–32 cancers. Furthermore, Chen et al.³² found that high plasma D-dimer levels were significantly predictive of shorter survival in patients with SCLC, while others studies^17,33 also concluded that plasma D-dimer levels may predict survival in patients with SCLC and NSCLC. However, most of these previous studies, apart from Chen et al.³² (393 patients), only included small numbers of patients with SCLC. Furthermore, the current study included more patients with lower KPS scores compared with Chen et al.³² (KPS 90–100, n = 46 [56.1%]; KPS 70–90, n = 36 [43.9%]). Given that patients with SCLC are generally diagnosed at a relatively advanced stage, the present study should provide more evidence for patients with low KPS scores. Accordingly, 63 patients (76.8%) in this study were stage IIIb+IV. The present study thus provides more reference values for patients with later-stage tumors and poorer overall condition.

SCLC is a highly invasive tumor with a poor prognosis,¹⁸ with different biological characteristics from NSCLC.¹⁸ Valid biomarkers are therefore needed to determine the prognosis of SCLC. In the present study, pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels were independently associated with OS in patients with SCLC. This conclusion is supported by previous studies of lung cancer in general (both SCLC and NSCLC).^{17,22,30,31,33} However, many factors are known to influence the survival of cancer patients and could potentially confound the association between D-dimer levels and survival. Nevertheless, the results showed that D-dimer was associated with survival independently of treatment and TNM stage. Treatment modality (chemotherapy alone vs. chemoradiotherapy) was also independently associated with PFS and OS, in accord with previous results indicating that radiotherapy improved the prognosis of patients with SCLC.¹⁸ In the current study, TNM staging was also independently associated with PFS, but not with OS. This could be because patients with early-stage cancer would also have a good KPS score and could receive multi-line chemotherapy, thoracic perfusion chemotherapy, or radiotherapy of the chest, brain, and bone. Interestingly, the present study indicated that plasma NSE levels were independently associated with PFS, but not with OS. Several studies have identified plasma NSE levels as a useful tumor marker for SCLC.^34–37 However, the present study only included 11 patients with normal NSE levels, which may have affected the validity of the statistical analysis of NSE levels.

Plasma D-dimer is an indicator of the body's blood coagulation fibrinolysis state. It can be detected simply and rapidly, and can thus provide reliable information to inform immediate clinical decisions. Dynamic monitoring of plasma D-dimer levels in cancer patients could thus help to estimate the evolution of the illness, determine prognosis and the risk of recurrence, and indicate if anticoagulant treatment could reduce complications and mortality. Future clinical studies could be carried out to determine if anticoagulant therapy with prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin could improve the prognosis of SCLC patients with abnormally elevated D-dimer levels and no bleeding tendency.

The main limitation of this study was the small sample size, which reflects the generally low incidence of SCLC. Further, multicenter studies could help to increase the sample size. In addition, the available data were limited owing to the retrospective nature of the study. The relationships between complications of anti-cancer treatment and PFS and OS could not be examined because the patients might attend any hospital or clinic in the event of complications, which would introduce underreporting or recall bias. Prospective studies with a broader coagulation-test panel could provide additional clues regarding the role of coagulation in the prognosis of SCLC. Furthermore, the current study was conducted in Chinese patients, and further studies in different ethnic groups are needed to determine the generalizability of the results.

In conclusion, high pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels were associated with shorter OS in patients with SCLC. D-dimer levels could be used as a non-invasive and convenient clinical prognostic biomarker in patients with SCLC.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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High pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels are associated with shorter overall survival in patients with small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Patients and methods

Patients

D-dimer and neuron-specific enolase levels

Data collection

Follow-up

Statistical analysis

Results

Patient characteristics

Survival

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

Correlations between D-dimer level and tumor stage

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

References