PET imaging of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rhesus macaques using [ 11 C]MK-6884: Quantification with kinetic modeling and receptor occupancy by CVL-231 (emraclidine),a novel positive allosteric modulator

Abstract

Stimulation of the M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reduces striatal hyperdopaminergia, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for schizophrenia. Emraclidine (CVL-231) is a novel, highly selective, positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors i.e. acts as a modulator that increases the response of these receptors. First, we aimed to further characterize the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and quantification performance of a recently developed M₄ PAM radiotracer, [¹¹C]MK-6884, in non-human primates (NHPs). Second, we applied these results to determine the receptor occupancy of CVL-231 as a function of dose. Using paired baseline-blocking PET scans, we quantified total volume of distribution, binding potential, and receptor occupancy. Both blood-based and reference region-based methods quantified M₄ receptor levels across brain regions. The 2-tissue 4-parameter kinetic model best fitted regional [¹¹C]MK-6884-time activity curves. Only the caudate nucleus and putamen displayed statistically significant [¹¹C]MK-6884 uptake and dose-dependent blocking by CVL-231. For binding potential and receptor occupancy quantification, the simplified reference tissue model using the grey cerebellum as a reference region was employed. CVL-231 demonstrated dose-dependent M₄ receptor occupancy in the striatum of the NHP brain and shows promise for further development in clinical trials.