Breakdown of piston rings in the automotive sector due to wear, corrosion and high temperatures is common. Conventional hard chrome and chrome ceramic coatings with hexavalent chromium possess environmental risks due to its carcinogenic effects. Nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) plating is not hazardous and hence silicon carbide (SiC) uniformly distributed in Ni-P coating by plate and bumper method is made as an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach. This Ni-P SiC composite coating provides high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and improved friction resistance due to the uniform distribution of the SiC composite particles. The amorphous Ni-P coating is converted to nickel phosphide intermetallic crystalline form during the heat treatment at 300 °C and is confirmed by XRD. The heat treatment also increases the microhardness in the rage of 810 to 1015 HV for Ni-P SiC composite coating. This method significantly improved the mechanical properties of piston rings by ∼ 5 to 6%.
PhilippT. Influence of emissions reduction and fuel saving on torsional vibrations. MTZ Ind2014; 4: 34–39.
2.
LiuJZhangYLiaoB. A review on preparation process and tribological performance of coatings for internal combustion engine piston ring. Adv Mech Eng [Internet]2023; 15: 168781322311757.
KrasnyyVAMaksarovVVMaksimovDD. Improving the wear resistance of piston rings of internal combustion engines when using Ion-plasma coatings. Key Eng Mater [Internet]2020; 854: 133–139. https://www.scientific.net/KEM.854.133
5.
AlisirSHEvrenselD. Investigation into coating structure and wear environment effects on tribological properties of piston ring coated with monolayer TiAlN and multilayer TiN/TiAlN. J Mater Eng Perform [Internet]2022; 31: 1654–1666. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11665-021-06288-w
6.
IgartuaAMendozaGFernandezX, et al.Surface treatments solutions to green tribology. Coatings [Internet]2020; 10: 634. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/7/634
WalshFCLeonCP. A review of the electrodeposition of metal matrix composite coatings by inclusion of particles in a metal layer: an established and diversifying technology. Transactions of the IMF2014; 92: 83–98.
10.
MalathiMMabelJRajendranR, et al.Ni-P composite plating on piston ring for improved wear performance. SAE Technical Paper 2017-28-1977, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-28-1977.
11.
MalfattiCFVeitHMSantosCB, et al.Heat treated Ni-P-SiC composite coatings: elaboration and tribocorrosion behaviour in NaCl solution. Tribol Lett [Internet]2009; 36: 165–173. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-009-9471-1
12.
AslanSDuruE. Microstructure and wear properties of electrodeposited Ni-B-Al2O3 composite coating on low carbon steel at elevated temperature. J Mater Eng Perform [Internet]2022; 31: 1693–1704. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11665-021-06290-2
13.
MatikU. Structural and wear properties of heat-treated electroless Ni-P alloy and Ni-P-Si3N4 composite coatings on iron based PM compacts. Surf Coatings Technol [Internet]2016; 302: 528–534. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0257897216305461
14.
ShibliSMADilimonVS. Effect of phosphorous content and TiO2 TiO2-reinforcement on Ni-P electroless plates for hydrogen evolution reaction. Int J Hydrogen Energy [Internet]2007; 32: 1694–1700. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319906005933
BuchtíkMKrystýnováMMásilkoJ, et al.The effect of heat treatment on properties of Ni-P coatings deposited on a AZ91 magnesium alloy. Coatings [Internet]2019; 9: 461. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/9/7/461
AbabsaABen TemamHHasanGG, et al.Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and different SiC quantities on electrodeposited Ni-Co alloy coatings. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop [Internet]2022; 10: 015038. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2051-672X/ac59d2.
25.
TsongasKTzetzisDKarantzalisA, et al.Microstructural, surface topology and nanomechanical characterization of electrodeposited Ni-P/SiC nanocomposite coatings. Appl Sci [Internet]2019; 9: 2901. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/14/2901
26.
AhmadkhanihaDTsongasKTzetzisD, et al.Study of the effect of pulse plating parameters on the electrodeposition of Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC coatings and their microhardness values. Trans IMF [Internet]2021; 99: 29–37.
27.
WalshFCLarsonC. Towards improved electroplating of metal-particle composite coatings. Trans IMF [Internet]2020; 98: 288–299.
ChouMCGerMDKeST, et al.The Ni-P-SiC composite produced by electro-codeposition. Mater Chem Phys2005; 92: 146–151.
30.
AslanyanIRBoninoJPCelisJP. Effect of reinforcing submicron SiC particles on the wear of electrolytic Ni-P coatings: part 1. Uni-directional sliding. Surf Coatings Technol2006; 200: 2909–2916.
31.
AslanyanIRBoninoJPCelisJP. Effect of reinforcing submicron SiC particles on the wear of electrolytic NiP coatings: part 2. Bi-modal particle distribution. Surf Coatings Technol2006; 201: 581–589. https://hal.science/hal-00474869/
32.
JappesJTWB Aslanyan rinthaNCKhanMA. Effect of magnetic field, heat treatment and dry wear analysis on electroless nickel deposits. J Bio- and Tribo-Corros2021; 7: 20.
SharmaGYadavaRKSharmaVK. Characteristics of electrocodeposited Ni-Co-SiC composite coating. Bull Mater Sci [Internet]2006; 29: 491–496. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02914080
36.
AslanyanIRCelisJ-PShusterLS. Effect of reinforcing submicron SiC particles on the wear process of electrolytic Ni-P coatings. J Frict Wear [Internet]2010; 31: 341–348. http://link.springer.com/10.3103/S1068366610050041
37.
LampkeTWielageBDietrichD, et al.Details of crystalline growth in co-deposited electroplated nickel films with hard (nano)particles. Appl Surf Sci2006; 253: 2399–2408.
38.
WangHLiuHHeY, et al.Ni-SiC Composite coatings with good wear and corrosion resistance synthesized via ultrasonic electrodeposition. J Mater Eng Perform [Internet]2021; 30: 1535–1544. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11665-020-05443-z
39.
AhmadkhanihaDErikssonFZanellaC. Optimizing heat treatment for electroplated Ni-P and Ni-P/SiC coatings. Coatings [Internet]2020; 10: 1179. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/12/1179
40.
IPR Technical Manual for manufacturing Chrome plated Piston Rings. 1991.
41.
ApachiteiITichelaarFDDuszczykJ, et al.The effect of heat treatment on the structure and abrasive wear resistance of autocatalytic NiP and NiP-SiC coatings. Surf Coatings Technol2002; 149: 263–278.
42.
ChintadaVBGurugubelliTRTamtamMR, et al.Advancements in nickel-phosphate/boron based electroless composite coatings: a comprehensive review of mechanical properties and recent developments. Materials (Basel) [Internet]2023; 16: 6116. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/18/6116
43.
AlexisJEtcheverryBBeguinJD, et al.Structure, morphology and mechanical properties of electrodeposited composite coatings Ni-P/SiC. Mater Chem Phys2010; 120: 244–250.
HadipourARahseparMHayatdavoudiH. Fabrication and characterisation of functionally graded Ni-P coatings with improved wear and corrosion resistance. Surf Eng [Internet]2019; 35: 883–890. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/02670844.2018.1539295
46.
IiokaMKawanabeWTsujimuraS, et al.An evaluation of the wear resistance of electroplated nickel coatings composited with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]2024; 16: 224. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/2/224.
47.
GarciaIFransaerJCelisnJ-P. Electrodeposition and sliding wear resistance of nickel composite coatings containing micron and submicron SiC particles. Surf Coat Technol2001; 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01336-6.
48.
GuoZZhuXZhaiY, et al.Characterization and tribological properties of electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coatings. Surf Coatings Technol2015; 281: 157–163.
49.
KrasikovAVAgafonovDVMarkovMA, et al.Electrodeposition of a Ni-SiC composite coating from a vibration-stabilized electrolyte-suspension. Russ Metall [Internet]2023; 2023: 796–802. https://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0036029523060241
50.
AlexisJGaussensCEtcheverryB, et al.Tribology of electroless nickel coatings. Mater Chem Phys2019; 229: 174–183.
