Nanosecond laser surface treatment technology, as an efficient non-contact surface modification method, has demonstrated significant potential in industries such as automotive manufacturing, aerospace, and high-precision fabrication. Theoretical, defect, and parameter challenges are crucial for achieving precise material surface processing and performance improvement, which have garnered considerable attention from both academia and industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in nanosecond laser surface treatment, with a focus on the application of solid mechanics, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, and phase change theories. It also offers an in-depth analysis of the formation mechanisms of surface defects such as heat-affected zones (HAZ), recast layer (RL), splashing, pores, and microcracks. Furthermore, the paper discusses the impact of laser process parameters and material properties on the formation of surface micro/nano structures. Finally, with respect to practical applications, the paper explores the future prospects of this technology in precision machining and surface performance enhancement. The aim of this paper is to offer valuable insights for the theoretical and practical research of nanosecond laser surface treatment technology and to promote its widespread application in the aerospace sector.
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