A secondary analysis investigated the influences of verbal stigmatization from family members on the psychological well-being of Latino homosexual males. A model was proposed to explain effects of being exposed to labeling stigma messages that supported both Stigma Communication Model and Revised Labelling Theory. Results showed exposure to verbal stigma messages, especially those with labeling and name calling, was associated with low self-esteem, perceived social support, and highly stigmatized beliefs. Such effects were also related to one’s emotion reactions, especially the feeling of shame, toward verbal stigmatization. Implications for interpersonally communicated stigma messages in general and further study directions were discussed.
AllenD. J.OlesonT. (1999). Shame and internalized homophobia in gay men. Journal of homosexuality, 37, 33–43.
2.
BassB. M.AvolioB. J.JungD. I.BersonY. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207.
3.
BellahR. N.MadsenR.SullivanW. M.SwidlerA.TiptonS. M. (1996). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life, updated edn. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4.
BonillaL.PorterJ. (1990). A comparison of Latino, Black, and non-Hispanic White attitudes toward homosexuality. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 437–452.
5.
BraithwaiteA.OrrC. M. (2016). Everyday women’s and gender studies: Introductory concepts. London, England: Routledge.
6.
CahillS.ValadézR.IbarrolaS. (2013). Community-based HIV prevention interventions that combat anti-gay stigma for men who have sex with men and for transgender women. Journal of public health policy, 34, 69–81.
7.
ChristensenJ. L.MillerL. C.ApplebyP. R.Corsbie-MassayC.GodoyC. G.MarsellaS. C.ReadS. J. (2013). Reducing shame in a game that predicts HIV risk reduction for young adult men who have sex with men: A randomized trial delivered nationally over the web. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16. https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.16.3.18716
8.
CioffiD. (2002). The looking-glass self revisited: Behavior choice and self-perception in the social token. In GilbertD. T.FiskeS. T.LindzeyG. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 184–219). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
9.
CochranS. D.MaysV. M. (2000a). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 516–523.
10.
CochranS. D.MaysV. M. (2000b). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES III. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 573.
11.
CohenJ. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155.
12.
CorriganP. W. (2011). Best practices: Strategic stigma change (SSC): Five principles for social marketing campaigns to reduce stigma. Psychiatric Services, 62, 824–826.
13.
DiazR. M.AyalaG.BeinE.HenneJ.MarinB. V. (2001). The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 927.
14.
DuffyL. (2005). Suffering, shame, and silence: The stigma of HIV/AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 16, 13–20.
15.
EnselW. M.LinN. (1991). The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social behavior, 321–341.
16.
FinchB. K.KolodyB.VegaW. A. (2000). Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-origin adults in California. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 295–313.
17.
FogelJ.FordD. E. (2005). Stigma beliefs of Asian Americans with depression in an internet sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 470.
18.
Forrest-BankS.JensonJ. M. (2015). Differences in experiences of racial and ethnic microaggression among Asian, Latino/Hispanic, black, and white young adults. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 42, 141.
19.
GoffmanE. (2009). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
20.
GuarneroP. A. (2007). Family and community influences on the social and sexual lives of Latino gay men. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18, 12–18.
21.
GuarneroP. A. (2013). Latino young men and health promotion, emerging adulthood, and acculturation: A qualitative exploration. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 796–802.
22.
HairJ. F.SarstedtM.PieperT. M.RingleC. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: A review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long range planning, 45, 320–340.
23.
HeathertonT. F. (Ed.). (2003). The social psychology of stigma. Guilford Press.
24.
HenselerJ.RingleC. M.SinkovicsR. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing (pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
25.
HerekG. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 905–925.
26.
HerekG. M.Gonzalez-RiveraM. (2006). Attitudes toward homosexuality among US residents of Mexican descent. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 122–135.
27.
HullandJ. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195–204.
28.
KarrR. G. (1978). Homosexual labelling and the male role. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 73–83.
29.
KobasaS. C. O. (1990). AIDS and volunteer associations: Perspectives on social and individual change. Milbank Quarterly, 68, 280–294.
30.
LariosS. E.DavisJ. N.GalloL. C.HeinrichJ.TalaveraG. (2009). Concerns about stigma, social support, and quality of life in low-income HIV-positive Hispanics. Ethnicity & Disease, 19, 65–70.
31.
LazarusR. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
32.
LewisM. (1998). Shame and stigma. In GilbertP.AndrewsB. (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 126–140). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
33.
LinkB. G. (1987). Understanding labelling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52, 96–112.
34.
LinkB. G.CullenF. T.StrueningE.ShroutP. E.DohrenwendB. P. (1989). A modified labelling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 54, 400–423.
35.
LinkB. G.PhelanJ. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
36.
MarínB. V.GómezC. A.TschannJ. M.GregorichS. E. (1997). Condom use in unmarried Latino men: A test of cultural constructs. Health Psychology, 16, 458.
37.
MarinG.MarinB. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Sage Publications, Inc.
38.
MarkowitzF. E. (1998). The effects of stigma on the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 39, 335–347.
39.
MarsigliaF. F. (1998). Homosexuality and Latinos/as: Towards an integration of identities. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 8, 113–125.
40.
MoralesE. S. (1990). HIV infection and Hispanic gay and bisexual men. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 212–222.
41.
NunnallyJ. C.BernsteinI. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
42.
OrganistaP. B.ChunK.MarinG. (2013). Readings in ethnic psychology. Routledge. Retrieved fromhttp://books.google.com/books?
43.
PedhazurE. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
44.
PreacherK. J.HayesA. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40, 879–891.
45.
Ramirez-VallesJ. (2007). “I don’t fit anywhere”: How race and sexuality shape latino gay and bisexual men’s health. In MeyerI. H.MPHM. E. N. (Eds.), The Health of Sexual Minorities (pp. 301–319). SpringerUS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_12
46.
Ramirez-VallesJ.FergusS.ReisenC. A.PoppenP. J.ZeaM. C. (2005). Confronting stigma: Community involvement and psychological well-being among HIV-positive Latino gay men. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 101–119.
47.
Ramirez-VallesJ.HeckathornD. D.VázquezR.DiazR. M.CampbellR. T. (2005). From networks to populations: The development and application of respondent-driven sampling among IDUs and Latino gay men. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 387–402.
48.
Ramirez-VallesJ.KuhnsL. M.CampbellR. T.DiazR. M. (2010). Social integration and health community involvement, stigmatized identities, and sexual risk in Latino sexual minorities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 30–47.
49.
RosenbergM. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image (p. 326). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50.
ScheffT. J. (1998). Shame in the labeling of mental illness. In GilbertP.AndrewsB. (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 191–205). New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press
51.
SmithR. (2007a). Media depictions of health topics: Challenge and stigma formats. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 233–249.
52.
SmithR. A. (2007b). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma communication. Communication Theory, 17, 462–485.
53.
SmithR. A.HipperT. J. (2010). Label management: Investigating how confidants encourage the use of communication strategies to avoid stigmatization. Health Communication, 25, 410–422.
54.
SmithR. A. (2012). An experimental test of stigma communication content with a hypothetical infectious disease alert. Communication Monographs, 79, 522–538.
55.
StaplesD. S.HullandJ. S.HigginsC. A. (1998). A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3, 0–0.
56.
VinziV. E.TrincheraL.AmatoS. (2010). PLS path modeling: From foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 47–82). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
57.
WeitzR. (1991). Life With AIDS. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
58.
WilliamsonI. R. (2000). Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health Education Research, 15, 97–107.
59.
WilsonJ.MusickM. (1997). Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work. American Sociological Review, 62, 694–713.
60.
WongK. K. K. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24, 1–32.
61.
YepG. A. (1995). Healthy desires/unhealthy practices: Interpersonal influence strategies for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among Hispanics. In FullerL. K.ShillingL. M. (Eds.), Communicating about communicable diseases (pp. 139–154). Amherst, MA: HRD Press.
