Participants who received Pies Sanos, a 15-min intervention designed to improve diabetes self-efficacy and foot self-care behaviors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes who lived in a predominantly Mexican American community, performed more-complete foot self-care 1 month later in their homes. Recruited when they presented for nonurgent care to the emergency department in two community hospitals near the U.S.—Mexico border, participants were randomized into one of three groups. At follow-up, there was a significant difference in observed foot self-care behaviors between groups, F(2, 135) = 2.99, p < .05, as well as a significant difference within the intervention, t (47) = −4.32, p < .01, and control group, t (46) = −2.06, p < .05, for baseline and follow-up self-reported foot self-care behaviors. Baseline diabetes self-efficacy was significantly and positively correlated with both baseline (r = .335, p < .001) and follow-up ( r = .174, p < .05) foot self-care behaviors.
Ahluwalia, H., Miller, C., Pickard, S., Mayo, M., Ahluwalia, J., & Beckles, G. (2000). Prevalence and correlates of preventive care among adults with diabetes in Kansas. Diabetes Care, 23(4), 484-489.
2.
American Diabetes Association. (2004a). National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care, 27(S1), S143-S150.
3.
American Diabetes Association. (2004b). Preventive foot care in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care , 27(Supplement 1), S63-S64.
4.
Anderson, R., Funnell, M., Butler, P., Arnold, M., Fitzgerald, J., & Feste, C. (1995). Patient empowerment: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 19(3), 943-949.
5.
Apelqvist, J., Larsson, J., & Agardh, C.D. (1993). Long term prognosis for diabetic patients with foot ulcers. Journal of Internal Medicine, 233, 485-491.
6.
Armstrong, D., Lavery, L., Vela, S., Quebedeaux, T., & Fleischli, J. (1998). Choosing a practical screening instrument to identify patients at risk for diabetic foot ulceration. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(3), 289-292.
7.
Balcazar, H., Peterson, G., & Krull, J. (1997). Acculturation and family cohesiveness in Mexican American pregnant women: Social and health implications. Family & Community Health, 20(3), 16-31.
8.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
10.
Barth, R., Campbell, L.V., Allen, S., Jupp, J.J., & Chisholm, D.J. (1991). Intensive education improves knowledge, compliance and foot problems in type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 8, 111-117.
11.
Bernal, H. (1986). Self management of diabetes in a Puerto Rican population. Public Health Nursing, 3(1), 38-47.
12.
Bernal, H., Woolley, S., Schensul, J.J., & Dickinson, J.K. (2000). Correlates of self-efficacy in diabetes self-care among Hispanic adults with diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 26(4), 673-680.
13.
Bild, D.E., Selby, J.V., Sinnock, P., Browner, W.S., Braveman, P., & Showstack, J.A. (1989). Lower extremity amputation in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 12, 24-31.
14.
Birke, J., & Rolfsen, R. (1998). Evaluation of a self-administered sensory testing tool to identify patients at risk for diabetes-related foot problems. Diabetes Care, 21(1), 23-25.
15.
Brown, S., Garcia, A., & Winchell, M. (2002). Reaching underserved populations and cultural competence in diabetes education. Current Diabetes Reports , 2, 166-176.
16.
Collins, T.C., Johnson, M., Henderson, W., Khuri, S.F., & Daley, J. (2002). Lower extremity nontraumatic amputation among veterans with peripheral arterial disease: Is race an independent factor?Medical Care, 40(1 Suppl), 106-116.
17.
Corbett, C.F. (1999). Research based practice implications for patients with diabetes Part II: Diabetes self-efficacy. Home Healthcare Nurse, 17(9), 587-596.
18.
Corbett, C.F. (2003). A randomized pilot study of improving foot care in home health patients with diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 29(2), 273-282.
19.
Donohoe, M., Fletton, J., Hook, A., Powell, R., Robinson, I., Stead, J., et al. (2000). Improving foot care for people with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial of an integrated care approach. Diabetic Medicine, 17(8), 581-587.
20.
Garcia, A., Villagomez, E., Brown, S., Kouzekanani, K., & Hanis, C. (2001). The Starr County diabetes education study: Development of the Spanish language diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Diabetes Care, 24(1), 16-21.
21.
Glasgow, R., Toobert, D., & Hampson, S. (1996). Effects of a brief office-based intervention to facilitate diabetes dietary self-management. Diabetes Care , 19(8), 835-842.
22.
Glasgow, R.E., Toobert, D.J., Riddle, M., Donnelly, J., Mitchell, D., & Calder, D. (1989). Diabetes specific social learning variables and self-care behaviors among persons with type II diabetes. Health Psychology, 8(3), 285-303.
23.
Hulley, S., & Cummings, S. (1988). Designing clinical research. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Kruger, S., & Guthrie, D. (1992). Foot care: Knowledge retention and self-care practices . Diabetes Educator, 18(6), 487-490.
26.
Lavery, L., Armstrong, D., Wunderlich, R., Mohler, M., Wendel, C., & Lipsky, B. (2006). Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29(6), 1288-1293.
27.
Lavery, L., Armstrong, D., Wunderlich, R., Tredwell, J., & Boulton, A. (2003). Diabetic foot syndrome: Evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort. Diabetes Care, 26(5), 1435-1438.
28.
Litzelman, D.K., Slemenda, C.W., Langefeld, C.D., Hays, L.M., Welch, M.A., Bild, D.E., et al. (1993). Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119(1), 36-41.
29.
Malone, J., Snyder, M., Anderson, G., Bernhard, V., Holloway, G., & Bunt, T. (1989). Prevention of amputation by diabetic education . American Journal of Surgery, 158, 520-524.
30.
McClave, J., & Sincich, T. (2003). Statistics (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall .
31.
Mokdad, A., Ford, E., Bowman, B., Nelson, D., Engelgau, M., Vinicor, F., et al. (2000). Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998 . Diabetes Care, 23(9), 1278-1283.
32.
Norris, S., Engelgau, M., Narayan, K.M., & Venkat, M.D. (2001). Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care, 24, 561-587.
33.
Otiniano, M.E., Du, X., Ottenbacher, K., Black, S.A., & Markides, K.S. (2003). Lower extremity amputations in diabetic Mexican American elders: Incidence, prevalence and correlates . Journal of Diabetes & Its Complications, 17(2), 59-65.
34.
Patout, C.A., Birke, J.A., Horswell, R., Williams, D., & Cerise, F.P. (2000). Effectiveness of a comprehensive diabetes lower extremity amputation prevention program in a predominantly low income AfricanAmerican population. Diabetes Care, 23(9), 1339-1342.
35.
Pecararo, R.E., Reiber, G.E., & Burgess, E.M. (1990). Pathways to diabetic limb amputation, basis for prevention. Diabetes Care, 13(5), 513-521.
36.
Peters, E., & Lavery, L. (2001). Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the international working group on the diabetic foot. Diabetes Care, 24(8), 1442-1447.
37.
Peyrot, M. (1999). Behavior change in diabetes education. Diabetes Educator, 25(6 Suppl.), 62-73.
38.
Pham, H., Armstrong, D., Harvey, C., Harkless, L., Giurini, J., & Veves, A. (2000). Screening techniques to identify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes Care, 23(5), 606-612.
39.
Pinzur, M., Shields, N., Goelitz, B., Slovenkai, M., Kaye, R., Ross, S., et al. (1999). American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society shoe survey of diabetic patients. Foot & Ankle International , 20(11), 703-707.
40.
Reenders, K., deNobel, E., vandenHoogen, H., Rutten, G., & vanWeel, C. (1993). Diabetes and its long term complications in general practice: A survey in a well-defined population. Family Practice , 10, 169-172.
41.
Reiber, G.E., Pecoraro, R.E., & Kaepsell, T.D. (1992). Risk factors for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus: A case control study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 97-105.
42.
Rettig, B., Shrauger, D., Recker, R., Gallagher, T., & Wiltse, H. (1986). A randomized study of the effects of a home diabetes education program. Diabetes Care, 9(2), 173-178.
43.
Rith-Najarian, S., Branchaud, C., Beaulieu, O., Gohdes, D., Simonson, G., & Mazze, R. (1998). Reducing lower-extremity amputations due to diabetes: Application of the staged diabetes management approach in a primary care setting . Journal of Family Practice, 47(2), 127-132.
44.
Ronnemaa, T., Hamalainen, H., Toikka, T., & Liukkonen, I. (1997). Evaluation of the impact of podiatrist care in the primary prevention of foot problems in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care, 20(12), 1833-1837.
45.
Saaddine, J., Engelgau, M., Beckles, G., Gregg, E., Thompson, T., & Narayan, K. (2002). A diabetes report card for the United States: Quality of care in the 1990s. Annals of Internal Medicine , 136(8), 565-574.
46.
Singh, N., Armstrong, D., & Lipsky, B. (2005). Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes . Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(2), 217-228.
47.
Skelly, A.H., Marshall, J.R., Haughey, B.P., Davis, P.J., & Dungord, R.G. (1995). Self-efficacy and confidence in outcomes as determinants of self care practices in inner-city, African American women with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 21(1), 38-46.
48.
Stretcher, V., McEvoy, B., Becker, M., & Rosenstock, I. (1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly , 13(1), 73-91.
49.
Toobert, D., Hampson, S., & Glasgow, R. (2000). The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: Results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care , 23(7), 943-950.
50.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Highlights from the Census 2000 Demographic Profiles. Retrieved May 2, 2007, from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35/35013.html
51.
Valk, G., Kriegsman, D., & Assendelft, W. (2001). Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. Retrieved May 2, 2007 , from http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001488/pdf_fs.html
52.
Ward, A., Metz, L., Oddone, E., & Edelman, D. (1999). Foot education improves knowledge and satisfaction among patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Educator, 25(4), 560-567.
