The purpose of this research was to develop and test an instrument to measure school leaders’ use of Twitter for professional development (PD) and learning. Findings from an exploratory factor analysis indicate that the resulting nine-item Twitter for PD Scale offers a valid and reliable instrument to measure school leaders’ use of Twitter for PD and learning. Researchers and practitioners can use the Twitter for PD Scale to measure the influence of Twitter-delivered PD on various educational outcomes.
AyreC.ScallyA. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748175613513808
2.
BrownC.MilitelloM. (2016). Principal’s perceptions of effective professional development in schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(6), 703-726. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-09-2014-0109
CarpenterJ. P.KrutkaD. G. (2014). How and why educators use Twitter: A survey of the field. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 46(4), 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2014.925701
5.
CarpenterJ. P.KrutkaD. G. (2015). Engagement through microblogging: Educator professional development via Twitter. Professional Development in Education, 41(4), 707-728. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.939294
6.
ChoV. (2016). Administrators’ professional learning via Twitter: The dissonance between beliefs and actions. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(3), 340-356. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-03-2015-0024
7.
ChoV.JimersonJ. B. (2017). Managing digital identity on Twitter: The case of school administrators. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(5), 884-900. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1741143216659295
8.
ChoV.Snodgrass RangelV. (2016). The dynamic roots of school leaders’ Twitter use: A structural perspective on technology use. Journal of School Leadership, 26(5), 837-864. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F105268461602600505
9.
ColwellJ.HutchisonA. C. (2018). Considering a Twitter-based professional learning network in literacy education. Literacy Research and Instruction, 57(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2017.1370749
DesimoneL. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X08331140
12.
DesimoneL. M.GaretM. S. (2015). Best practices in teachers’ professional development in the United States. Psychology, Society and Education, 7(3), 252-263. https://doi.org/10.25115/psye.v7i3.515
13.
FanceraS. F. (2020). School leadership for professional development: The role of social media and networks. Professional Development in Education, 46(4), 664-676.
14.
GoodyearV. A.ParkerM.CaseyA. (2019). Social media and teacher professional learning communities. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(5), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1617263
15.
GreenhalghS. P.KoehlerM. J. (2017). 28 days later: Twitter hashtags as “Just in Time” teacher professional development. TechTrends, 61(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00405-2
16.
HarveyS.CarpenterJ. P. (2020). Genesis and change in physical educators’ use of social media for professional development and learning. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 39(4), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2019-0284
17.
LeithwoodK.HarrisA.HopkinsD. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
18.
MaciaM.GarciaI. (2016). Informal online communities and networks as a source of teacher professional development: A review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.021
NobleA.McGuillanP.Littenberg-TobiasJ. (2016). A lifelong classroom: Social studies educators’ engagement with professional learning networks on Twitter. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 24(2), 187-213. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/151754
23.
NochumsonT. C. (2020). Elementary schoolteachers’ use of Twitter: Exploring the implications of learning through online social media. Professional Development in Education, 46(2), 306-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1585382
24.
PettM. A.LackeyN. R.SullivanJ. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Sage.
25.
RehmM.NottenA. (2016). Twitter as an informal learning space for teachers!? The role of social capital in Twitter conversations among teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 60, 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.08.015
26.
RichardsK. A. R.KillianC. M.KinderC. J.BadshahK.CushingC. (2020). Twitter as a professional development platform among U.S. physical education teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 39(4), 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2020-0001
27.
RodesilerL. (2017). Local social media policies governing teachers’ professionally oriented participation online: A content analysis. TechTrends, 61(3), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0139-z
28.
SauersN. J.RichardsonJ. W. (2015). Leading by following: An analysis of how K-12 school leaders use Twitter. NASSP Bulletin, 99(2), 127-146. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192636515583869
29.
Staudt WilletK. B. (2019). Revisiting how and why educators use Twitter: Tweet types and purposes in #Edchat. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 51(3), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2019.1611507
30.
Tschannen-MoranM.GareisC. R. (2004). Principals’ sense of efficacy: Assessing a promising construct. Journal of Educational Administration, 42(5), 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230410554070
31.
VisserR. D.EveringL.C.BarrettD.E. (2014). #TwitterforTeachers: The implications of Twitter as a self-directed professional development tool for K–12 teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 46(4), 396-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2014.925694
32.
ZimmerleJ. C.LambertC. (2019). Globally connected: Using Twitter to support rural preservice teachers. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 9(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2019.v9n1p91-104