Global politics and local politics, though interlinked today by processes of globalization, remain separated by the phenomenon of distance. Sheer physical distance, with its associated geography, assumes mainly a causal importance. It determines the way a policy is implemented practically, and can affect the outcome of policy. Planning and strategizing, especially in the sphere of foreign policy, are shaped by three other “distances” as well, each with a distinctive logic. The first is gravitational distance, according to which political and other power is thought to “decay” with increasing distance, although the “mass,” or size, of countries can modify this assumed attenuation of influence. The second is topological distance, according to which any two countries may seem more remote from one another if there are other countries located in between them, the number and arrangement of these intervening country-spaces—the configuration of the political map—being the key variable. The third is attributional distance, according to which countries seem more distant from or, conversely, nearer to one another owing to their political or cultural characteristics. For example, democracies feel closer to each other than they do to non-democratic states. When all of these three schemes of non-physical “distance” coincide, the resulting pattern of international relationships, whatever the actual distances between nations, is thereby strengthened.
Acheson, D. (1973). This Vast External Realm. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2.
Albright, M. (1999a). “us and nato Policy Toward the Crisis in Kosovo.”Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington, dc, 20 April. us Department of State Dispatch10(4): 5-8.
3.
Albright, M. (1999b). “us Foreign Operations Budget.”Statement before the Senate Appropriations Committee on Foreign Operations,”Washington, dc, 20 May. us Department of State Dispatch10(5): 1-12.
4.
Albright, M. (2000a). Remarks at Closing Plenary Session, “Towards a Community of Democracy” Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 27 June.
5.
Albright, M. (2000b). Remarks on the Occasion of Receiving an Honorary Degree from the University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, 25 June.
6.
Albright, M. (2000c). Speech to World Forum on Democracy, Warsaw, Poland, 26 June.
7.
Alexander, J. W. , and L. J. Gibson (1979). Economic Geography (2nd edn). Englewood Cliffs, nj: Prentice-Hall.
8.
Annan, K. (2000). United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations: Report of the Secretary-General, 9 November.
9.
Bailey, T. A. (1950). America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day. Ithaca, ny: Cornell University Press.
10.
Barraclough, G. (ed.) (1978). The Times Atlas of World History. Maplewood, nj: Hammond Inc.
11.
Bassin, M. (1999). Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12.
Boulding, K. (1962). Conflict and Defense: A General Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
13.
Brzezinski, Z. (1986). Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the us-Soviet Contest. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press.
14.
Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books.
15.
Cairncross, F. (1997). The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
16.
Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
17.
Claval, P. (1978). Espace et pouvoir. Paris: Presses Universitaire de France.
18.
Cohen, S. B. (1999). “Geopolitics in the New World Era: A New Perspective on an Old Discipline.” In Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the Twenty-First Century (2nd edn) (G. J. Demko and W. B. Wood, eds.), 40-68. Boulder, co: Westview Press.
19.
Cook, R. (2000). “Championing Enlargement.” Speech by the Foreign Secretary to Hungarian Ambassadors, Budapest, 25 July.
20.
Dehio, L. (1963). The Precarious Balance: The Politics of Power in Europe, 1494-1945. London: Chatto & Windus.
21.
Europe (2002). “Homeland Security.”February: 36-47.
22.
“Final Warsaw Declaration: Toward a Community of Democracies” (2000). Ministerial Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 27 June.
23.
Fischer, J. (2000). “From Confederacy to Federation—Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration.” Speech by the Foreign Minister at the Humboldt University, Berlin, 12 May.
24.
Fox, A. B. (1977). The Politics of Attraction: Four Middle Powers and the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
25.
Gilbert, M. and R. Gott (1963). The Appeasers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
26.
Gottmann, J. (1965). A Geography of Europe (3rd edn). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
27.
Gray, C. S. (1977). The Geopolitics of the Nuclear Era: Heartland, Rimlands, and the Technological Revolution. New York: Crane, Russak & Company.
28.
Gulick, E. V. (1955). Europe's Classical Balance of Power: A Case History of the Theory and Practice of One of the Great Concepts of European Statecraft. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
29.
Henrikson, A. K. (1975). “The Map as an `Idea': The Role of Cartographic Imagery During the Second World War.”The American Cartographer, 2 (1): 19-53.
30.
Henrikson, A. K. (1980a). “America's Changing Place in the World: From `Periphery' to `Centre'?”Centre and Periphery: Spatial Variation in Politics (J. Gottmann, ed.), 73-100. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
31.
Henrikson, A. K. (1980b). “The Geographical `Mental Maps' of American Foreign Policy Makers.”International Political Science Review, 1 (4): 495-530.
32.
Henrikson, A. K. (1990). “A World `Arctic Mediterranean'? Open Skies and Transpolar Aviation.” In Legal Problems in the Arctic Regions (T. Utriainen, ed.), 24-64. Rovaniemi: Institute for Nordic Law, University of Lapland.
33.
Henrikson, A. K. (1991). “Mental Maps.” In Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (M. J. Hogan and T. G. Paterson, eds.), 177-192. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34.
Henrikson, A. K. (1997). “America's Changing Place in the World: From `Periphery' to `Centre'?” In Political Geography: A Reader (J. Agnew, ed.), 98-121. London: Edward Arnold Publishers.
35.
Henrikson, A. K. (1999a). “The Power and Politics of Maps.” In Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the 21st Century (2nd edn) (G. J. Demko and W. B. Wood, eds.). Boulder: Westview Press.
36.
Henrikson, A. K. (1999b). Small States in World Politics: The International Political Position and Diplomatic Influence of the World's Growing Number of Smaller Countries. Washington, dc: World Bank.
37.
Henrikson, A. K. (2000). “Facing Across Borders: The Diplomacy of Bon Voisinage.”International Political Science Review, 21 (2): 121-147.
38.
Hepple, L.W. (2000). “Géopolitiques de Gauche: Yves Lacoste, Hérodote and French Radical Geopolitics.” In Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought (K. Dodds and D. Atkinson, eds.), 268-301. London: Routledge.
39.
Hobbes, T. (1968 [1651]). Leviathan (C. B. Macpherson, ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
40.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
41.
Ickes, H. L. (1954). The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, vol. ii: The Inside Struggle, 1936-1939. New York: Simon & Schuster.
42.
Jönsson, C. , S. Tägil, and G. Törnquist (2000). Organizing European Space. London: Sage Publications.
43.
Keating, M. (1998). The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
44.
Kennedy, P. (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House.
45.
Kissinger, H. (1979). The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
46.
Kissinger, H. (1999). Years of Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster.
47.
Koh, H. H. (2000). “Human Rights and Globalism: New Challenges Facing us Foreign Policy.” Address by the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, hosted by Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., ml Strategies, llc, and the World Affairs Council of Boston, Boston, ma, 16 June.
48.
Kugler, R. L. and E. L. Frost (eds) (2001). The Global Century: Globalization and National Security, 2 vols. Washington, dc: National Defense University Press.
49.
Lacoste, Y. (1984). “Geography and Foreign Policy.”sais Review, 4(2): 213-227.
50.
Laponce, J. (1987). “Relating Physiological, Physical, and Political Phenomena: Center and Centrality.”International Political Science Review, 8(2): 175-182.
51.
Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of Topological Psychology (F. Heider and G. M. Heider, trans.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
52.
Lippmann, W. (1943). us Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
53.
Lippmann, W. (1947). The Cold War: A Study in us Foreign Policy. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
54.
Lippmann, W. (1965 [1922]). Public Opinion. New York: The Free Press.
55.
Lorenz, K. (1972). King Solomon's Ring. New York: Signet.
56.
Mackinder, H. J. (1962 [1919]). Democratic Ideals and Reality (A. J. Pearce, ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
57.
Makonnen, Y. (1983). International Law and the New States of Africa. Addis Ababa: unesco.
58.
McLuhan, M. (1968). War and Peace in the Global Village. New York: McGraw-Hill.
59.
Muehrcke, P. (with J. O. Muehrcke) (1978). Map Use: Reading, Analysis, and Interpretations. Madison, wi: J. P. Publications.
60.
The New York Times (2000). “Weird Science: The Wonder of Weight.”30 July.
61.
The New York Times (2002a). “Powell Embarks on Mission to South Asian Power Keg.”16 January.
62.
The New York Times (2002b). “President Bush's State of the Union Address to Congress and the Nation.”30 January.
63.
O'Sullivan, P. (1986). Geopolitics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
64.
Ó Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
65.
Ó Tuathail, G. , and S. Dalby (1998). “Introduction: Rethinking Geopolitics: Towards a Critical Geopolitics.” In Rethinking Geopolitics (G. Ó Tuathail and S. Dalby, eds.), 1-15. London: Routledge.
66.
Parker, G. (1998). Geopolitics: Past, Present and Future. London: Pinter.
67.
Picco, G. , et al. (2001). “Crossing the Divide: Dialogue among Civilizations.”South Orange, nj: School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University.
68.
Prescott, J. R. V. (1987). Political Frontiers and Boundaries. London: Allen & Unwin.
69.
Rummel, R. J. (1972). The Dimensions of Nations. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
70.
Russett, B. M. (1967). International Regions and the International System: A Study in Political Ecology. Westport, ct: Greenwood Press.
71.
Sack, R.D (1986). Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72.
Sprout, H. and M. Sprout (1965). The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs. Princeton, nj: Princeton University Press.
73.
Staley, E. (1941). “The Myth of the Continents.”Foreign Affairs, (19)5: 481-494.
74.
Thompson, W. S. (1969). Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966: Diplomacy, Ideology, and the New State. Princeton, nj: Princeton University Press.
75.
Trowbridge, C. C. (1913). “On Fundamental Methods of Orientation and `Imaginary' Maps.”Science, 38(990): 888-897.
76.
us Supreme Court (1936). Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, 299 us 304, 319.
77.
The Wall Street Journal (2000). “Pole Vault: Here Come Shorter Flights to Asia.”8 June.
78.
Wark, M. (1994). Virtual Geography: Living with Global Media Events. Bloomington, in: Indiana University Press.
79.
Wight, M. (1966). “The Balance of Power.” In Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (H. Butterfield and M. Wight, eds.), 149-175. Cambridge, ma: Harvard University Press.
80.
Wohlstetter, A. (1968). “Illusions of Distance.”Foreign Affairs, 46(2): 242-255.
81.
Zelikow, P. and C. Rice (1997). Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. Cambridge, ma: Harvard University Press.
82.
Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. New York: Hofner.
