Abstract
This study explores the socioeconomic and environmental impact of top-down development interventions on local communities. It examines the case of extractive mining and cement operations in Myanmar to articulate a critique of development mentalities and practices as a modernization project. The findings showed strong evidence that Mawlamyine Cement Limited’s (MCL) cement production represents examples of extractivism in the Phar Taung area. MCL’s operation had pressured and constrained the aquatic life, habitats, and reproduction processes in the river while endangering the local ecology and community health due to its exploitative and non-reciprocal relationship with the community and its resources.
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