Applying a social exchange perspective, three studies examine how the effects of perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived supervisor support (PSS) on performance and commitment are constrained by pay contingency. Study 1 shows a negative interaction between POS and pay contingency and a positive interaction between PSS and pay contingency in their effects on performance and nonsignificant interactions regarding commitment. In Studies 2 and 3, which were conducted in high pay contingency field settings, performance was affected by PSS but not by POS, whereas commitment was affected by POS but not by PSS. Implications of these moderation effects are discussed.
Allen, D.G., Shore, L.M., & Griffeth, R.W.2003. The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29: 99-118.
2.
Armeli, S., Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Lynch, P.1998. Perceived organizational support and police performance: The moderating influence of socio emotional needs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 288-297.
3.
Arthur, M.B., Inkson, K., & Pringle, J.K.1999. The new careers: Individual action and economic change . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4.
Aryee, S., Budhwar, P.S., & Chen, Z.X.2002. Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23: 267-286.
5.
Bartol, K.M., & Locke, E.A.2000. Incentives and motivation. In S. L. Rynes & B. Gerhart (Eds.), Compensation in organizations: Current research and practice (pp. 104-147). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6.
Becker, T.E., Billings, R.S., Eveleth, D.M., & Gilbert, N.L.1996. Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 464-482.
7.
Becker, T.E., & Kernan, M.C.2003. Matching commitment to supervisors and organizations to in-role and extra-role performance. Human Performance, 16: 327-348.
8.
Beersma, B., Hollenbeck, J.R., Humphrey, S.E., Moon, H., Conlon, D.E., & Ilgen, D.R.2003. Cooperation, competition, and team performance: Toward a contingency approach. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 572-590.
9.
Behrman, D.N., & Perreault, W.D.1982. Measuring the performance of industrial salespersons. Journal of Business Research, 10: 355-370.
Blau, P.M.1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
12.
Cleveland, J.N., & Shore, L.M.1992. Self- and supervisory perspectives on age and work attitudes and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 469-484.
13.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S.2005. Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31: 1-27.
14.
Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C.A., & Chen, P.Y.2002. Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group and Organization Management , 27: 324-351.
15.
Deckop, J.R., Mangel, R., & Cirka, C.C.1999. Getting more than you pay for: Organizational citizenship behavior and pay-for-performance plans. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 420-428.
16.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P., & Rhoades, L.2001. Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 42-51.
17.
Eisenberger, R., Cotterel, N., & Marvel, J.1987. Reciprocation ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53: 743-750.
18.
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & David-LaMastro, V.1990. Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 51-59.
19.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D.1986. Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 500-507.
20.
Eisenberger, R., Pierce, W.D., & Cameron, J.1999. Effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation-Negative, neutral and positive. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 677-691.
21.
Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J.1999. Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1026-1040.
22.
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I.L., & Rhoades, L.2002. Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 565-573.
23.
Farh, J.L., Hackett, R.D., & Liang, J.2007. Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organizational support-Employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 715-729.
24.
Fehr, E., & Falk, A.2002. Psychological foundations of incentives. European Economic Review, 46: 687-724.
25.
Gouldner, A.W.1960. The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25: 161-178.
26.
Greenberg, M.S.1980. A theory of indebtedness. In K. S. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 3-26). New York: Plenum.
27.
Hall, D.T.2002. Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28.
Heneman, H.G.1974. Comparisons of self-and superior ratings of managerial performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59: 638-642.
29.
Heyman, J., & Ariely, D.2004. Effort for payment: A tale of two markets. Psychological Science, 15: 787-793.
30.
Hoorens, V.1995. Self-favoring biases, self-presentation and the self-other asymmetry in social comparison. Journal of Personality, 63: 793-817.
31.
Hoorens, V., & Desrichard, O.2002. Self-other asymmetries: Three wonders in "hot" social cognition and three questions about them. Psychologica Belgica, 42: 3-21.
32.
Hutchison, S.1997a. A path model of perceived organizational support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12: 159-174.
33.
Hutchison, S.1997b. Perceived organizational support: Further evidence of construct validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement , 57: 1025-1034.
34.
Jenkins, G.D., Mitra, A., Gupta, N., & Shaw, J.D.1998. Are financial incentives related to performance? A meta-analytic review of empirical research. Journal of Applied Psychology , 83: 777-787.
35.
Johlke, M.C., Stamper, C.L., & Shoemaker, M.E.2002. Antecedents to boundary-spanner perceived organizational support. Journal of Managerial Psychology , 17: 116-128.
36.
Kenny, D.A., & DePaulo, B.M.1993. Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account. Psychological Bulletin, 114: 145-161.
37.
Kotte, J.L., & Sharafinski, C.E.1988. Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48: 1075-1079.
38.
Levine, E.L., Flory, A., & Ash, R.A.1977. Self assessment in personnel selection. Journal of Applied Psychology:62, 428-435.
39.
Levinson, H.1965. Reciprocation; The relationship between man and organization . Administrative Science Quarterly, 9: 370-390.
40.
Lewin, K.1943. Defining the "field at a given time." Psychological Review, 50: 292-310.
Lynch, P.D., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S.1999. Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology , 84: 467-483.
43.
Mabe, P.A., & West, S.G.1982. Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology, 67: 280-296.
44.
Masterson, S.S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B.M., & Taylor, M.S.2000. Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 738-748.
45.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J.1997. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46.
Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J., & Smith, C.A.1993. Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 538-551.
47.
Miceli, M.P., & Mulvey, P.W.2000. Consequences of satisfaction with pay systems: Two field studies. Industrial Relations, 39: 62-87.
48.
Muse, L., & Stamper, C.L.2003, August. Perceived organizational support and performance: Evidence for differential prediction. Paper presented at the annual Academy of Management conference, Seattle, WA.
49.
Pazy, A., & Ganzach, Y.2005. The effect of perceived support from school on students' school contribution in two forms of pay. Unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
50.
Randall, M.L., Cropanzano, R., Bormann, C.A., & Birjulin, A.1999. Organizational politics and organizational support as predictors of work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20: 159-174.
51.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R.2002. Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology , 87: 698-714.
52.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S.2001. Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology , 86: 825-836.
53.
Rousseau, D.M.1995. Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54.
Rousseau, D.M., & Ho, V.T.2000. Psychological contract issues in compensation. In S. L. Rynes & B. Gerhart (Eds.), Compensation in organizations: Current research and practice (pp. 273-310). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
55.
Rynes, S.L., Gerhart, B., & Parks, L.2005. Personnel psychology: Performance evaluation and pay for performance. Annual Review of Psychology, 56: 571-600.
56.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P.M.1994. Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variable analysis: Applications to developmental research (pp. 399-419). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57.
Schul, Y., & Vinokur, A.D.2000. Projection in person perception among spouses as a function of the similarity in their shared experiences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 987-1001.
58.
Settoon, R.P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R.C.1996. Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 219-227.
59.
Shanock, L.R., & Eisenberger, R.2006. When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 689-695.
60.
Shore, L., M., & Tetrick, L.E.1991. A construct validity study of the survey of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 637-643.
61.
Shore, L.M., & Wayne, S.J.1993. Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support . Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 774-780.
62.
Siders, M.A., George, G., & Dharwadkar, R.2001. The relationship of internal and external commitment foci to objective job performance measures. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 570-579.
63.
Stamper, C.L., & Johlke, M.C.2003. The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes. Journal of Management, 29: 569-588.
64.
Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., Bommer, W.H., & Tetrick, L.E.2002. The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 590-598.
65.
Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M., & Liden, R.C.1997. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal , 40: 82-111.
66.
Williams, L.J., & Anderson, S.E.1991. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behavior . Journal of Management, 17: 601-617.
67.
Yoon, J., & Lim, J.C.1999. Organizational support in the workplace: The case of Korean hospital employees. Human Relations, 52: 923-945.
68.
Yoon, J., & Thye, S.2000. Supervisor support in the work place: Legitimacy and positive affectivity. Journal of Social Psychology, 140: 295-316.
