This study investigated the language skills of a two-year-old child who displayed apparently advanced communication skills. Analysis of 1,258 child utterances in relation to surrounding discourse structures indicated a high functioning level of contingent forms (retrieved forms). Utterances that contained retrieved forms displayed a higher index of language abilities than utterances that lacked such forms. This type of contingent speech elevated language abilities by the manipulation of discourse features.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bloom, L., Hood, L. & Lightbown , P. (1974). Imitation in language development: if, when, and why. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 380-342.
2.
Bloom, L. & Lahey, M. (1978). Language Development and Language Disorders, (New York: Wiley).
3.
Bloom, L., Rocissano, L. & Hood, L. (1976). Adult-child discourse: developmental interaction between information processing and linguistic knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 8,521-552.
4.
Bosky, M. & Nelson, K. (1980). Answering unanswerable questions: the role of imitation. Paper presented at the Boston University Conference of Language Development, October
5.
Brame, M. (1973). Three suggestions regarding grammatical analyses of children's language. In C. Ferguson & D Slobin (eds), Studies in Child Language Development (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
6.
Brown, R. (1968). The development of Wh questions in child speech . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 279-290
7.
Brown, R. & Fraser, C. (1963) The acquisition of syntax. In C. Cofer & B. Musgrave , (eds), Verbal Behavior and Learning ( New York: McGraw-Hill).
8.
Clark, R. (1974). Performing without competence. Journal of Child Language, 1. 1-10.
9.
—( 1977). What's the use of imitation? Journal of Child Language, 4, 341-358
10.
—( 1980). Errors in talking to learn. First Language , 1, 7-32.
11.
Crystal, D. (1979). Working with LARSP (New York : Elsevier).
12.
—( 1982). Profiling Linguistic Disability ( London: Edward Arnold).
13.
Dunn, L.M. & Dunn, L.M. (1981). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Circle Pines: American Guidance Service ).
14.
Fillmore, L.W. (1979). Individual differences in second language acquisition . In C. Fillmore, D. Kempler & W. Wang (eds), Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior ( New York: Academic Press)
15.
Fortescue, M. (1984/85). Learning to speak Greenlandic: a case study of a two-year-old's morphology in a polysynthetic language. First Language, 5, 101-114.
16.
Guilford, A., Scheuerle, J. & Shonburn, S. (1981) Aspects of language development in the gifted. Gifted Child Quarterly, 25, 159-163.
17.
Hedrick, D., Prather, E. & Tobin, A. (1984). Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
18.
Hill, J. (1984). Combining two-term relations: evidence in support of flat structure. Journal of Child Language, 11, 673-678.
19.
Hoff-Ginsberg, E. (1985). Some contributions of mothers' speech to their children's syntactic growth. Journal of Child Language, 12, 367-385.
20.
Ingram, D. (1975). If and when transformations are acquired by children . In D. Dato (ed ), Developmental Psycholinguistics (Washington: GU Press.)
21.
—( 1981) The transition from early symbols to syntax In R. Schiefelbusch & D Bricker (eds), Early Language Acquisition and Intervention (Baltimore: University Park Press ).
22.
Iwamura, S. (1980). The Verbal Games of Pre-school Children (London: Croom Helm).
23.
Kamhi, A. (1981). Nonlinguistic symbolic and conceptual abilities of language-impaired and normally developing childrenJournal of Speech and Heanng Research, 24, 446-453
24.
Kotler, A. (1986). Word combinations: Which is the object? Which is the action? Unpublished master thesis. Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana.
25.
Kuczaj, S. (1987) Deferred imitation and the acquisition of novel lexical items. First Language, 7, 177-182
26.
Leonard, L. (1987). Is specific language impairment a useful construct ? In S. Rosenberg (ed ), Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics Volume 1* Disorders of First-language Development. (New York: Cambridge University Press.)
27.
Long, S. & Fey, M. (1988). Computerized Profiling ( Steven H. Long: Humboldt State University, Arcata, LA.).
28.
Lowe, M. & Costello, A. (1976) The symbolic Play Test (Windsor : NFER Publishing Company).
29.
McCarthy, D. (1972). The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (New York: Psychological Corporation).
30.
MacWhinney, B. (1982). Basic syntactic processes. In S. A Kuczaj (ed ), Language Development (Vol 1) (Hillsdale, N J : Erlbaum)
31.
Miller, J. & Chapman, R. (1983). Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (University of Wisconsin-Madison).
32.
Miller, J. & Yoder, D. (1984). Miller-Yoder Language Comprehension Test (Baltimore: University Park Press).
33.
Peters, A. (1977) Language learning strategies. Language, 53, 560-573.
34.
—( 1983). The Units of Language Acquisition ( New York: Cambridge University Press).
35.
Reichle, J., Busch, C. & Doyle, S. (1986). The topical relationship among adjacent utterances in productively delayed children's language addressed to their mothers. Journal of Communication Disorders, 19, 63-74.
36.
Snow, C. (1983). Saying it again: the role of expanded and deferred imitations in language acquisition. In K Nelson (ed ), Children's Language, Vol. V (New York: Gardner Press).
37.
Torrance, E. (1962). Guiding Creative Talent (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall).
38.
Terman, L. (1924). The physical and mental traits of children. Education, 23, 155-167.
39.
Templin, M. (1957). Certain Language Skills in Children: Their Development and Interrelationships (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press)
40.
Van Kleek, A. & Frankel, T. (1981). Discourse devices used by language disordered children: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 250-257
41.
Weir, R. (1962) Language in the Crib (The Hague , Netherlands* Mouton).
42.
Weeks, T. (1974) The Slow Speech Development of a Bright Child (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, Health & Co.).