This review provides an overview of the tomographic sensing methods that can be utilised to study process behaviour and their particular attributes (speed, sensi tivity, robustness, etc.). It provides literature citations and sources of information which potential users may consult. Particular emphasis is placed upon electrical methods, due to their inherent suitability for widespread on-line use. Future possible measurement capabilities of the family of electrical methods are discussed.
Barlow, R.K., Williams, R.A., Bond, J., Oliver, K., and Hunt, D.P.1997. 'Composition analysis of mixed mineral suspensions using impedance spectroscopy'. In: Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography II. Delft (Engineering FoundationNew York), pp. 131-136.
2.
Beck, M.S., and Plaskowski, A.1987. Cross Correlation Flowmeters - Their Design and Application . Adam Hilger, Bristol .
3.
Bernard, J.R., Desbat, L., and Turlier, P.1995. 'Gamma ray imaging of industrial beds'. In: D. M. Scott andR. A. Williams , (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, pp.197-206.
4.
Bidin, A.R., Green, R.G., Shackleton, M.E., Stott, A.L., and Taylor, R.W.1995. 'Electrodynamic sensors for process tomography' . In: R.A.Williams and M.S.Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 101-118.
5.
Binley, A., Shaw, B., and Henry-Poulter, S.1996. 'Flow pathways in porous media: electrical resistance tomography and dye staining image verification', MeasurementScience & Technology7(3), 384-390.
6.
Bolomey, J. Ch.1995. 'Microwave sensors'. In: R. A. Williams and M.S.Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications . Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford , pp. 151-166.
7.
Bridgewater, J.1995. 'Powder mixing'. In: R.A.Williams and M.S.Beck (Eds), Process Tomography- principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 419-431.
8.
Daily, W., Ramirez, A., LaBrecque D., and Binley, A.1995. 'Detecting leaks in hydrocarbon storage tanks using electrical resistance tomography'. In: D. M. Scott andR. A.Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering foundation, pp.173-183.
9.
Dickin, F.J., and Wang, M.1995. 'Impedance sensors- conducting systems' . In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 63-84.
10.
Dickin, F.J., and Wang, M.1996. 'Electrical resistance tomography for process applications', MeasurementScience & Technology, 7(3), 247-260.
11.
Dyakowski, T.1995. 'Electrical capacitance tomography for fluidized bed analysis' , In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering foundation , pp. 185-196.
Dyakowski, T., and Williams, R.A.1996. 'Prediction of high solids concentration regions within a hydrocyclone', Powder Technology, 87(1), 43-47.
14.
Edwards, R.B., Dyakowski, T., Xie, C.G., and Williams, R.A.1995. 'Monitor and control of powder flow using capacitance tomography'. In: D.M. Scott and R. A.Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, p. 314.
15.
Elbring, G.L.1995. 'Applications of crosshole seismic tomography at environmental sites'. In: D. M. Scott andR. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, p. 310.
16.
Etuke, E.O., Waterfall, R.C., Dickin, F.J., and Beck, M.S.1995. 'Applications of multi-frequency excitation for electrical impedance tomography'. In: Process Tomography - 95 implementation for industrial processes. UMIST, Manchester, pp. 241-246.
17.
Gibbs, S.J., and Hall, L.D.1995. 'Magnetic resonance flow imaging for rheometry of complex fluids'. In: Process Tomography - 95 implementation for industrial processes. UMIST, Manchester, pp. 474-483.
18.
Gibbs, S.J., Newling, B., Hall, L.D., Haycock, D.E., Frith, W.J., and Ablett, S.1995. 'Magnetic resonance velocity'. In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, pp. 47-58.
19.
Gladden, L.F.1994. Industrial Applications of NMr Imaging in Process Tomography - a strategy for industrial exploitationUMIST , Manchester, pp. 466-477.
20.
Harlow, J.S.1995. 'Capacitance imaging of fluidized beds', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 447-486.
21.
Harding, G., and Kosaneski, J.1989. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research , A280, 517-528.
22.
Hartley, A., Dugdale, P., Green, R.G., Jackson, R.G., and Landauro, J.1995. 'Design of an optical tomography system', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 181-197.
23.
Hawkesworth, M.R., and Parker, D.J.1995. 'Emission tomography', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications . Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford , pp. 199-223.
24.
Hill, D.L.G., Hawkes, D.J., Gleeson, M.J., Cox, T.C.S., Strong, A.J., Wong, W.L., Ruff, C.F., Kitchen, N.D., Thomas, D.G.T., Sofat, A., Crossmann, J.E., Studholme, C., Gahnde, A., Green, S.E.M., and Robinson, G.P.1994. 'Accurate frameless registration of MR and CT images of the head: implications in planning surgery and radiotherapy', Radiology, 191, 447-454.
Hoyle, B.S., and Xu, L.A.1995. 'Ultrasonic sensors', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications . Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford , pp.119-149.
27.
Huang, S.M.1995. 'Impedance sensors - dielectric systems'. In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 49-62.
28.
Isaksen, O.1996. 'A review of reconstruction techniques for capacitance tomography', Measurement Science & Technology, 7(3), 325-337.
29.
Jackson, R.G.1995. 'The development of optical systems for process imaging ', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 167-180.
30.
Johansen, G.A., Frøystein, T., Hjertaker, B.T., Isaksen, O., Olsen, O., McKibben, B., Valle, A., and Hammer, E.A.1995. 'Current status of the Bergen dual mode tomographic project' . In: Process Tomography - 95 implementation for industrial processes. UMIST, Manchester, pp. 161-165.
31.
Johansen, G.A., Frøystein, T., Hjertaker, B.T., and Olsen, Ø.1996. 'A dual sensor flow imaging tomographic system', MeasurementScience & Technology7(3), 297-307.
32.
Kuhn, F.T., Schouten, J.C., Mudde, R.F., Van den Bleek, C.M., and Scarlett, B.1996. 'Analysis of chaos in fluidization using electrical capacitance tomography', Measurement Science & Technology , 7(3), 361-368.
33.
Mann, R., Williams, R.A., Dyakowski, T., Dickin, F.J., and Edwards, R.B.1995. 'Development of mixing models using resistance tomography' . In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, p. 324.
34.
Mewes, D., and Fellhöffer, A.1995. 'Mixing processes in fluids'. In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications . Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford , pp.487-508.
35.
Miller, J.D., and Linn, C.L.1995. 'Quantitative X-ray computed tomography and its application in the process engineering of particulate systems', In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, pp.207-221.
36.
Nikitidis, M.S., Hosseini-Ashrafi, M.E., Tüzün and Spyrou, N.M.1994. KONAl Powder & Particle12, 53-67.
37.
Parker, D.J., and McNeill, P.A.1996. 'Positron emission tomography for process applications', MeasurementScience & Technology, 7(3), 287-296.
38.
Peyton, A.J.1995. 'Mutual inductance tomography', In: R. A. Williams and M. S. Beck (Eds), Process Tomography - principles, techniques and applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 85-100.
39.
Peyton, A.J., Yu, Z.Z., Lyon, G., Al-Zeibak, A., Ferreira, J., Velez, J., Linhaes, F., Borges, A.R., Xiong, H.L., Saunders, N.H., Beck, M.S.1996. An overview of electromagnetic inductance tomography: description of three different systems', MeasurementScience & Technology, 7(3), 261-271.
40.
Plaskowski, A., Beck, M.S., Thorn, R., and Dyakowski, T.1995. Imaging Industrial Flows - Applications in Electrical Process Tomography. IOP Publishing, Bristol.
41.
Reinecke, N., and Mewes, D.1995. 'Calculation of interface velocities from single plane tomographic data'. In: Process Tomography - 95 implementation for industrial processes. UMIST, Manchester, pp. 41-50.
42.
Reinecke, N., and Mewes, D.1996. Recent developments and industrial/research applications of capacitance tomography', MeasurementScience & Technology , 7(3), 233-246.
43.
Riu, P., Rossell, J., and Pallas-Areny, R.1993. 'Multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography as an alternative to absolute imaging'. In: Tomographic Techniques for Process Design and Operation. Computational Mechanics Publications, pp. 53-62.
44.
Schwarz, A.1993. 'Acoustic measurement of temperature and velocity fields in furnaces'. In: Tomographic Techniques for Process Design and Operation. Computational Mechanics Publications , pp. 381-389.
45.
Toye, D., Marchot, P., Crine, M., and L'Homme, G.1995. 'Analysis of a liquid flow distribution in a trickle bed reactor'. In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, pp. 185-196.
46.
Wang, M., Mann, R., and Dickin, F.J.1997. 'Electrical resistance tomographic systems for industrial applications'. In: Frontiers of Industrial Process Tomography II. Delft, Engineering Foundation , pp. 179-184.
47.
West, R.M., Jia, X., and Williams, R.A.1998. 'Qualification of solid-liquid mixing using electrical resistance and positron emission tomography', Chemical Engineering Communications, in press.
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Williams, R.A., and Scott, D.M.1997. Guest Eds, Special Issue of Chemical Engineering Science52(13).
50.
Williams, R.A., Dickin, F.J., Gutierrez, A., Beck, M.S., Wang, M., Ilyas, O.M., and Dyakowski, T.1995a. 'Monitoring cyclone performance using resistance tomography' . In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation, pp. 261-274.
51.
Williams, R.A., Dyakowski, T., Xie, C.G., Luke, S.P., Gregory, P.J., Edwards, R.B., Dickin, F.J., and Gate L.F.1995b. 'Industrial measurement and control of particulate processes using electrical tomography'. In: Process Tomography - 95 implementation for industrial processes. UMIST, Manchester, pp. 3-15.
52.
Williams, R.A., Jia, X., and McKee, S.L.1996. 'Development of slurry mixing models using resistance tomography', Powder Technology87(1), 21-27.
53.
Williams, R.A., Jia, X., West, R.M., and Roberts, K.1998. 'On-line measurement of solids distribution in stirred tanks and crystallizers using electrical computed# tomography', Proceedings of the Inst Conference on Mixing and Crystallization IChemE/ University of Malaysia, in press.
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Xie, C.G., Yang, W.Q., and Beck, M.S.1995. Electrical capacitance tomography: from design to applications' . In: D. M. Scott and R. A. Williams (Eds), Frontiers in Industrial Process Tomography. Engineering Foundation , p. 292.
Yang, W.Q., Stott, A.L., Beck, M.S., and Xie, C.G.1995. 'Development of capacitance tomographic imaging systems for oil pipeline measurements', Review Science of Instrumentation , 66(8), 4326-4332.
58.
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