This article examines the periods of military sociology in Russia. The Russian State system of periods of the military sociology had an effect on the evolution of sociology as a science and as an educational discipline in Russia. These periods include a pre-revolutionary period, a post-revolutionary period, soviet I, soviet II, and a modern period.
Nicolay A. Korf, A General Introduction into Strategy Understood in a Broad Sense (Etudes of Military Sciences) (Saint-Petersburg: A Printing House of a Staff of a Separate Corps of Gendarme, 1897) [Russian]: 114.
2.
Peter A. Rezhepo, Statistics of the Generals (Saint-Petersburg: A Printing House by Trenke & Fiusko, 1903); Statistics of the Colonels (Saint-Petersburg: A Metropolitan Printing House by S. H. Zolotarik, 1905); An Officer Question (Saint-Petersburg: Russian Velocity Printing House, 1909) [Russian].
3.
Konstantin M. Oberuchev, Our Military Leaders (Moscow: Printing House "Labor,"1909); Our Commanders: Experience of Statistical Research of a Service Motion of the Officers ( Kiev: A Printing House by R. K. Lubkovskiei, 1910) [Russian].
4.
Eugeny F. Djubjuk and Alexander V. Zakharov, eds. War and Kostroma's Village: On Sectional the Questionnaire of Statistical Branch (Kostroma: A Printing House of H. A. Gelish, 1915) [Russian].
5.
Isaak N. Shpil'rejn, David I. Rejtynbarg, and Georgy O. Netsky , Language of Red Army Man: Research by Language of Red Army Man of the Moscow Garrison (Moscow-Leningrad : State Publishing House, 1928) [Russian].
6.
Nikolay N. Golovin, The Russian Army in the World War: A Sociological Study. Published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (New-Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931. Reprint. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1969); Nikolay N. Golovin, A Science About War: About Sociological Study of War (Paris: Publishing House of the Newspaper "Signal,"1938) [Russian]. The original of the Golovin's manuscripts in English are with the Archives of Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Collection title: N. N. Golovin, Box No. 11, Folder ID: Miscellany: Sociology of War: Golovin N. N. Sociology of War [typescript]. Paris, 1935, 1938.
7.
See, for example, Samuel A. Stouffer, The American Soldier: Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. 1-4 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949-1950); Stanislav Andreki, Military Organization and Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1954); Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957); Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1960); Charles C. Moskos, The American Enlisted Man (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970).
8.
Vasily M.Puzik, A Subject and Methods of Concrete Military Sociological Research: Training Handbook (Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1971) [Russian].
9.
Vladimir I. Os'kin, Concrete-Sociological Research in Practice of Party-Political Work: Lecture (Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1968); Jury M. Fiedorov, Scientific Communism and Concrete Military Sociological Research: Lecture ( Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1972); Nicolay A. Slesarev, Historical Materialism-Methodological Basis of Concrete-Sociological Research: Lecture (Moscow : Lenin Military Political Academy, 1980) [Russian].
10.
Nicolay D. Tabunov , The Person and Military Collective. PhD dissertation. Vols. 1-2. (Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1969) [Russian]: 20.
11.
Dmitry A. Volkogonov, Alexander S. Milovidov, and Stepan A. Tjushkevich. eds. War and Army: A Philosophical-Sociological Essay (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1977); Leon G. Egorov, Methodology and Procedure of Realization of Concrete Social and Military Sociological Research: Training Handbook (Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1978); Vladimir N. Kovaliev, Socialist Military Collective: A Sociological Essay (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1980); Nikolay Borodin and Vasily Chepurov, eds. Military Sociological Research: The Methodical Training Handbook on Organization and Realization. (Moscow: Institute of a Military History of Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1987); Nikita A. Chaldymov and Alexandr I. Cherkasenko, eds. Army and Society (Moscow: Progress, 1990); Nicolay A. Slesarev, ed. Actual Problems of Development of Military Sociology in Requirements of Reorganization of Army and Fleet: Materials of a Scientific Conference ( Moscow: Lenin Military Political Academy, 1990) [Russian].
12.
Victor K. Konopliev , "Sociological Research in the Soviet Armed Forces ." In The Soviet Military Encyclopedia, Vol. 7 (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1979) [Russian]: 457.
13.
Vladimir Vorob'iev , "Military Sociology." In Sociological Dictionary (Minsk; Minsk University Press, 1991) [Russian]: 379-380.
14.
Khatchik N. Momdjan, The Letter to the Soviet Minister of Defense Dmitry Ustinov, dated January 18, 1982. (14063-444): 1-2. From personal files of Major-General Viktor Konoplyov. [Russian].
15.
Eighteen Soviet Military Academies: Armored Forces Academy, Artillery Academy, Air Force Academy, Air Force Engineering Academy, Military Academy of the Soviet Army (Military Intelligence), Military Engineering Academy, Military Medical Academy, Naval Academy, Lenin Military Political Academy, Army Air Defense Academy, General Staff Academy of the Soviet Armed Forces, Frunze Military Academy (Land Forces), Dzerzhinsky Military Academy (Strategic Missile Forces), Radio Engineering Air Defense Academy, Command Air Defense Academy, Signal Troops Academy, Military Logistics and Transport Academy, Chemical Defense Academy.
16.
The peculiarity of Russian military education is in a three-level officers training course, assigned for a certain level. The first level-military school (institute, university) for cadets. They are educated to receive initial commissioning in a tactical unit: platoon, company, battalion. The second level-military academies for branches of armed forces, where officers, who have been serving in the army for five to ten years, get further promotion in the unit: regiment-brigade-division. The third level-the Military Academy of General Staff, where officers (colonels and major-generals), who have been serving as brigade and division commanders or on other high-ranked staff positions, are educated. After graduation they occupy high command positions in the unit: corps, army, military command, top military officers of the Russian Federation armed forces.
17.
More than ten sociological journals are published in Russia. The most popular are: the monthly science journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sotsiologitcheskie issledovania/Sociological Studies, published in Moscow since 1974; and The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology published quarterly in Saint-Petersburg since 1998. It covers interdisciplinary issues in the sphere of sociology, social philosophy, political science, and anthropology.
18.
See, for example, Gennady P. Andreev, ed., Introduction into Profession: Training Handbook for the Military Psychologists and Sociologists (Moscow: Center for Military-Sociological, Psychological and Legislation Studies of the Armed Forces, 1992); Vladimir V. Serebriannikov and Jury I. Deriugin, Sociology of Army (Moscow: Institute of Social-Political Research, 1996); Sergey S. Solov'yov, Bottoms of Practical Military Sociology (Moscow: Ankil-Voin, 1996); Sergey S. Solov'yov and Igor V. Obraztsov, Russian Army from Afghanistan up to Chechnia: The Sociological Analysis (Moscow: Institute of Great Ecaterine, 1997); Vladimir V. Serebriannikov, Sociology of War ( Moscow: Printing House "Axis-89," 1998); Alexander I. Smirnov, Russia on Trajectories to Professional Army: Experience, Problems, Prospects (Moscow: Institute of Sociology; Center of Universal Values, 1998 ); Stanislav G. Masljuk, Military-Civil Relations in Russia: Problems of the Democratic Control above Military Sphere (Moscow : The Centre of Political and International Research , 1998); Alexander I. Smirnov, Women in Military Service: New Opportunities and Social Rights (Moscow: Institute of Sociology; Center of Universal Values, 2000 ); Alexander M. Beljaev, Genesis of a Method of Military Sociology on Boundary of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ( Moscow: Military University, 2002 ); Igor V. Obraztsov, Military Sociology in Russia. In Sociology in Russia From Inception Until the End of Century XX, edited by Elena I. Kukushkina ( Moscow: Publishing House "High School,"2004); Paul A. Tsygankov and Igor P. Rjazantsev, eds., Sociology of Modern Wars. Materials of a scientific seminar (Moscow: Alpha-M, 2004); Viacheslav N. Kuznetsov, ed. Sociology of the Great Victory 1941-1945 (Moscow: Institution of the Social Political Research, 2005); Paul A. Tsygankov, ed. Sociology of War and Peace. Materials of a scientific seminar (Moscow: Alpha-M, 2006) [Russian].
19.
Vladimir I. Dobren'kov, ed. Sociology in Russia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries- Military Sociology: The Collection of the Texts (Moscow: International University of Business and Management, 2002) [Russian].
20.
There are quite a few servicewomen in the Russian armed forces in comparison with Western armed forces. Servicewomen are usually interpreters or medics, or work in communications. There are no servicewomen among military sociologists. Still, many civilian women have always worked in sociological centers.
21.
Sergey S. Solov'yov and Igor V. Obraztsov , The Russian Army from Afghanistan up to Chechnia: The Sociological Analysis. (Moscow: Institute of Great Ecaterine, 1997) [Russian].
22.
Russian officers can retire from the army having served a minimum term (usually twenty-five years) or having reached the age of forty for captains, forty-five for majors and lieutenant colonels, fifty for colonels, and fifty-five to sixty for generals. After the retirement they receive a monthly paid pension from 3,000 to 10,000 rubles (which is equal to 100-400 USD) depending on position and military rank. This requires the majority of retired officers to continue working, but few of them manage to find work where they can use their professional skills. Most of them go to small businesses and security companies. Officers with higher education in the humanities (including social sciences) can teach at universities.
23.
Vladimir A. Yadov, ed. Sociology in Russia (Moscow: Institute of Sociology, 1998) [Russian].
24.
Igor V. Obraztsov, "Sociology of Military" In The Sociological Encyclopedia Vol. 2, edited by Gennadij Semigin (Moscow: Mysl , 2003) [Russian]: 511-517.
