Birchwood feedstock was used to make slow pyrolysis biochar that contained 89% carbon and <2% ash. This biochar was blended with carbon black (CB) as filler for styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). Composites made from blended fillers of 25/75 biochar/CB were equivalent to or superior to their 100% CB analogs in terms of tensile strength and toughness at all filler concentrations. Composites made with 50/50 biochar/CB were equivalent to or superior to CB composites in tensile strength, elongation, and toughness properties at total filler concentrations up to 30%. These results demonstrate the potential to use renewable birchwood biochar to replace up to half the CB in certain SBR composites.
SandersIJPeetenTL. Carbon black: production, properties and uses. Hauppage: Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2011.
3.
TangHQiQWuY. Reinforcement of elastomer by starch. Macromol Mater Eng2006; 291: 629–637.
4.
PetersonSCJongL. Effect of wheat flour pre-cooking on the composite modulus of wheat flour and carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex. Compos A Appl S2008; 39: 1909–1914.
5.
WangZ-FPengZLiS-D. The impact of esterification on the properties of starch/natural rubber composite. Compos Sci Technol2009; 69: 1797–1803.
6.
JongL. Reinforcement effect of soy protein/carbohydrate ratio in styrene-butadiene polymer. J Elastomers Plast2011; 43: 99–117.
7.
JongL. Modulus enhancement of natural rubber through the dispersion size reduction of protein/fiber aggregates. Ind Crops Prod2014; 55: 25–32.
8.
BendahouAHabibiYKaddamiH. Physico-chemical characterization of palm from Phoenix dactylifera-L, preparation of cellulose whiskers and natural rubber-based nanocomposites. J Biobase Mater Bioenerg2009; 3: 81–90.
9.
WaqasMKhanALKangS-M. Phytohormone-producing fungal endophytes and hardwood-derived biochar interact to ameliorate heavy metal stress in soybeans. Biol Fertil Soils2014; 50
(7): 1155–1167.
10.
IppolitoJAStrombergerMELentzRD. Hardwood biochar influences calcareous soil physicochemical and microbiological status. J Environ Qual2014; 43: 681–689.
11.
RehrahDReddyMRNovakJM. Production and characterization of biochars from agricultural by-products for use in soil quality enhancement. J Anal Appl Pyrol2014; 108: 301–309.
12.
ShenJTangHLiuJ. Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems. Agric, Ecosyst Environ2014; 188: 264–274.
13.
OhS-YYoonM-K. Biochar for treating acid mine drainage. Environ Eng Sci2013; 30: 589–593.
14.
SongWGuoM. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. J Anal Appl Pyrolys2012; 94: 138–145.
15.
PetersonSC. Evaluating corn starch and corn stover biochar as renewable filler in carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber composites. J Elastom Plast2011; 44: 43–54.
16.
PetersonSC. Utilization of low-ash biochar to partially replace carbon black in styrene-butadiene rubber composites. J Elastom Plast2013; 45: 487–497.
17.
BrewerCESchmidt-RohrKSatrioJA. Characterization of biochar from fast pyrolysis and gasification systems. Environ Prog Sustain Energ2009; 28: 386–396.
18.
BrewerCEBrownRCSchmidt-RohrK. Types of carbon in biochars from slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and gasification. Iowa State University, USA, November 2010.
19.
BrewerCEHuY-YSchmidt-RohrK. Extent of pyrolysis impacts on fast pyrolysis biochar properties. J Environ Qual2012; 41: 1115–1122.
20.
JongLPetersonSCJacksonMA. Utilization of porous carbons derived from coconut shell and wood in natural rubber. J Polym Environ2014; 22: 289–297.
21.
AntonyVBBondJABrownJS. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum2010; 93: 163.
22.
AbdullahHWuH. Biochar as a fuel: 1. Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions. Energ Fuel2009; 23: 4174–4181.
23.
GentANPulfordCTR. Micromechanics of fracture in elastomers. J Mater Sci1984; 19: 3612–3619.
