A biochar made from woody waste feedstock with low-ash content was blended with carbon black (CB) as filler for styrene–butadiene rubber. At 10% total filler concentration (w/w), composites made from 25% or 50% biochar showed improved tensile strength, elongation, and toughness compared with similar composites filled with CB. This demonstrates the potential to use renewable biochar as a partial substitute for CB in flexible, low-filler rubber composite applications.
SandersIJPeetenTL (ed). Carbon black: production, properties and uses. Hauppage, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2011.
3.
RoychoudhuryADePP. Elastomer-carbon black interaction: influence of elastomer chemical structure and carbon black surface chemistry on bound rubber formation. J Appl Polym Sci1995; 55: 9.
4.
QiQWuYTianMLiangGZhangLMaJ. Modification of starch for high performance elastomer. Polymer2006; 47: 3896.
5.
TangHQiQWuYLiangGZhangLMaJ. Reinforcement of elastomer by starch. Macromol Mater Eng2006; 291: 629.
6.
PetersonSCJongL. Effect of wheat flour pre-cooking on the composite modulus of wheat flour and carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2008; 39: 1909.
7.
JongL. Effect of soy protein concentrate in elastomer composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 438.
8.
JongL. Dynamic mechanical properties of soy protein filled elastomers. J Polym Environ2005; 13: 329.
9.
JongLPetersonSC. Effects of soy protein nanoparticle aggregate size on the viscoelastic properties of styrene-butadiene composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2008; 39: 1768.
10.
MohantyAKMisraMDrzalLT. Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: an overview. Compos Interf2001; 8: 313.
11.
AdeosunBFOlaofeO. The effect of local materials (fillers) on the crosslink density, hardness, resilience and hysteresis of natural rubber. Pak J Sci Ind Res2005; 48: 63.
12.
AdeosunBFOlaofeO.Natural rubber loaded with local materials. III. Creep properties. Pak J Sci Ind Res2003; 46: 20.
13.
SonokiTMatsumotoKJindoKSudoHSasakiY. Characterization of biochar-blended composting of regional waste biomass. Trans Mater Res Soc Jpn2010; 35: 909.
14.
YuanJHXuRKZhangH. The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresour Technol2011; 102: 3488.
15.
NovakJMLimaIXingBGaskinJWSteinerCDasKCCharacterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Ann Environ Sci2009; 3: 195.
16.
SharmaBKZhengWWitkinKRajagopalanN.Thermo-chemical conversion of spent coffee to bio-oil and biochar. Abstracts of Papers, 242nd ACS National Meeting & Exposition, 2011 Aug 28-Sep 1; Denver, CO. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 2011. p. ENVR-325.
17.
SukartonoUtomoWHKusumaZNugrohoWH. Soil fertility status, nutrient uptake, and maize (Zea mays l.) yield following biochar and cattle manure application on sandy soils of Lombok, Indonesia. J Trop Agric2011; 49: 47.
18.
BourkeJManley-HarrisMFushimiCDowakiKNunouraTAntalMJ. Do all carbonized charcoals have the same chemical structure? 2. A model of the chemical structure of carbonized charcoal. Ind Eng Chem Res2007; 46: 5954.
19.
BridgwaterT. Biomass for energy. J Sci Food Agric2006; 86: 1755.
20.
PetersonSC. Evaluating corn starch and corn stover biochar as renewable filler in carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber composites. J Elastom Plast2011; 44: 43.
21.
AntonyVBBondJABrownJSCostaDDemersPAHankinsonSIARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum2010; 93: 163.
22.
GentANPulfordCTR. Micromechanics of fracture in elastomers. J Mater Sci1984; 19: 3612.