Fifty percent of emissions must be cut by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050 to keep global warming below 1.5°C. Transport is a major component of tourism’s contribution to climate change. Therefore, encouraging tourists to use less energy intensive public transport is an important strategy in reducing tourism emissions. Despite the crucial role of public transport for sustainable tourism, the area remains substantially under researched and theoretically uninformed. To fill the research gap, an extended-value-belief-norm (EVBN) model was created and assessed, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, air quality, and climate change, and comparing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) groups of fair distribution, efficient allocation, and sustainable scale. Results revealed that an EVBN model well explains tourist behavior for public transport, showing the significant distinct effect of ESG components and SDG groups in the research model, and providing theoretical and managerial insights with respect to tourist use of public transport.
BrislinR. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
2.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3.
CostanzaR. (2020a). Ecological economics in 2049: Getting beyond the argument culture to the world we all want. Ecological Economics, 168, 106484.
4.
CostanzaR. (2020b). Valuing natural capital and ecosystem services toward the goals of efficiency, fairness, and sustainability. Ecosystem Services, 43, 101096.
5.
CostanzaR.DalyL.FioramontiL.GiovanniniE.KubiszewskiI.MortensenL. F.PickettK. E.RagnarsdottirK. V.De VogliR.WilkinsonR. (2016). Modelling and measuring sustainable wellbeing in connection with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Ecological Economics, 130, 350–355.
6.
DenleyT. J.WoosnamK. M.RibeiroM. A.BoleyB. B.HehirC.AbramsJ. (2020). Individuals’ intentions to engage in last chance tourism: Applying the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(11), 1860–1881.
7.
de Silva LokuwadugeC. S.SmarkC.MirM. (2022). The surge of environmental social and governance reporting and Sustainable Development Goals: Some normative thoughts. Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 16(2), 3–11.
8.
DijkM.de HaesJ.MontalvoC. (2013). Park-and-Ride motivations and air quality norms in Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, 149–160.
9.
DogruT.AkyildirimE.CepniO.OzdemirO.SharmaA.YilmazM. H. (2022). The effect of environmental, social and governance risks. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103432.
10.
GösslingS.ScottD.HallC. M.CeronJ. P.DuboisG. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 36–58.
11.
GronauW. (2017). Encouraging behavioural change towards sustainable tourism: A German approach to free public transport for tourists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 265–275.
12.
GrossS.GrimmB. (2018). Sustainable mode of transport choices at the destination – Public transport at German destinations. Tourism Review, 73(3), 401–420.
13.
HairJ. F.BlackW. C.BabinB. J.AndersonR. E. (2020). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage.
14.
HairJ. F.HultG. T. M.RingleC. M.SarstedtM. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage.
15.
HallC. M.Le-KlähnD. T.RamY. (2017). Tourism, public transport and sustainable mobility. Channelview.
16.
HamidiZ.ZhaoC. (2020). Shaping sustainable travel behaviour: Attitude, skills, and access all matter. Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment, 88, 102566.
17.
HanH. (2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177.
18.
HassanA. S.MeyerD. F. (2022). Does countries’ environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk rating influence international tourism demand? A case of the Visegrád Four. Journal of Tourism Futures. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2021-0127
19.
IonescuG. H.FiroiuD.PirvuR.VilagR. D. (2019). The impact of ESG factors on market value of companies from travel and tourism industry. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(5), 820–849.
20.
JainN. K.KaushikK.ChoudharyP. (2021). Sustainable perspectives on transportation: Public perception towards odd-even restrictive driving policy in Delhi, India. Transport Policy, 106, 99–108.
21.
JakovcevicA.StegL. (2013). Sustainable transportation in Argentina: Values, beliefs, norms and car use reduction. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 20, 70–79.
KangJ. E.YoonD. K.BaeH. J. (2019). Evaluating the effect of compact urban form on air quality in Korea. Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(1), 179–200.
24.
KarpudewanM. (2019). The relationships between values, belief, personal norms, and climate conserving behaviors of Malaysian primary school students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117748.
KellyJ.HaiderW.WilliamsP. W. (2007). A behavioral assessment of tourism transportation options for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gases. Journal of Travel Research, 45(3), 297–309.
27.
KimM. J.BonnM.HallC. M. (2022). Traveler biosecurity behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of intervention, resilience, and Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Travel Research, 61(7), 1599–1618.
28.
KimM. J.HallC. M. (2022a). Does active transport create a win-win situation for environmental and human health? The moderating effect of leisure and tourism activity. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 487–498.
29.
KimM. J.HallC. M. (2022b). Is walking or riding your bike when a tourist different? Applying VAB theory to better understand active transport behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 311, 114868.
30.
KimM. J.HallC. M. (2023a). The influence of personal and public health and smart applications on biking behavior in South Korea. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 22(2), 382–395.
31.
KimM. J.HallC. M. (2023b). Is tourist walkability and well-being different?Current Issues in Tourism, 26(2), 171–176.
32.
KimM. J.HallC. M.BonnM. (2021). Can the value-attitude-behavior model and personality predict international tourists’ biosecurity practice during the pandemic?Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 99–109.
33.
KimM. J.HallC. M.HanH. (2021). Behavioral influences on crowdfunding SDG initiatives: The importance of personality and subjective well-being. Sustainability, 13, 3796.
34.
KimM. J.HallC. M.KimD. K. (2020). Predicting environmentally friendly eating out behavior by value-attitude-behavior theory: Does being vegetarian reduce food waste?Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 797–815.
35.
KimM. J.HallC. M.KimM. (2023). What is significant for engagement in cycling and walking in South Korea? Applying value-belief-norm theory. Travel Behaviour and Society, 32, 100571.
36.
KimN.LeeS.LeeC. K.SuessC. (2022). Predicting preventive travel behaviors under the COVID-19 pandemic through an integration of health belief model and value-belief-norm. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, 100981.
37.
KorsgaardM. A.RobersonL. (1995). Procedural justice in performance evaluation: The role of instrumental and non-instrumental voice in performance appraisal discussions. Journal of Management, 21(4), 657–669.
38.
KuoK. C.YuH. Y.LuW. M.LeT. T. (2022). Sustainability and corporate performance: Moderating role of environmental, social, and governance investments in the transportation sector. Sustainability, 14(7), 4095.
39.
LandonA. C.WoosnamK. M.BoleyB. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972.
40.
LeeC. K.OlyaH.ParkY. N.KwonY. J.KimM. J. (2023). Sustainable intelligence and cultural worldview as triggers to preserve heritage tourism resources. Tourism Geographies, 25(2-3), 899–918.
41.
LeeV. H.HewJ. J.LeongL. Y.TanG. W. H.OoiK. B. (2020). Wearable payment: A deep learning-based dual-stage SEM-ANN analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 157, 113477.
42.
Le-KlähnD. T.HallC. M. (2015). Tourist use of public transport at destinations – A review. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(8), 785–803.
43.
LindH. B.NordfjærnT.JørgensenS. H.RundmoT. (2015). The value-belief-norm theory, personal norms and sustainable travel mode choice in urban areas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 119–125.
44.
LiuS.CostanzaR.FarberS.TroyA. (2010). Valuing ecosystem services: Theory, practice, and the need for a transdisciplinary synthesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1185, 54–78.
45.
MaL.GrahamD. J.StettlerM. E. J. (2021). Air quality impacts of new public transport provision: A causal analysis of the Jubilee line extension in London. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 245, 118025.
46.
MauerhoferV.HubacekK.ColebyA. (2013). From polluter pays to provider gets: Distribution of rights and costs under payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, 18(4), 41.
47.
MegeirhiH. A.WoosnamK. M.RibeiroM. A.RamkissoonH.DenleyT. J. (2020). Employing a value-belief-norm framework to gauge Carthage residents’ intentions to support sustainable cultural heritage tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1351–1370.
48.
Ministry of the Interior and Safety. (2022). Resident registration demographics. https://jumin.mois.go.kr/#
49.
NordfjærnT.RundmoT. (2019). Acceptance of disincentives to driving and pro-environmental transport intentions: The role of value structure, environmental beliefs and norm activation. Transportation, 46(6), 2381–2396.
50.
NordfjærnT.ZavarehM. F. (2017). Does the value-belief-norm theory predict acceptance of disincentives to driving and active mode choice preferences for children’s school travels among Chinese parents?Journal of Environmental Psychology, 53, 31–39.
51.
NutsugbodoR. Y.AmenumeyE. K.MensahC. A. (2018). Public transport mode preferences of international tourists in Ghana: Implications for transport planning. Travel Behaviour and Society, 11, 1–8.
52.
OlyaH. G. T. (2023). Towards advancing theory and methods on tourism development from residents’ perspectives: Developing a framework on the pathway to impact. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 329–349.
53.
OzcanI. C. (2019). Determinants of environmental, social, and Governance disclosure performance of publicly traded airports. International Journal of Transport Economics, 46(3), 77–92.
54.
PanB.WoodsideA. G.MengF. (2014). How contextual cues impact response and conversion rates of online surveys. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 58–68.
55.
ParkC.LeeS.LeeC. K.ReisingerY. (2022). Volunteer tourists’ environmentally friendly behavior and support for sustainable tourism development using value-belief-norm theory: Moderating role of altruism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 25, 100712.
56.
Perea-MedinaB.Rosa-JiménezC.AndradeM. J. (2019). Potential of public transport in regionalisation of main cruise destinations in Mediterranean. Tourism Management, 74, 382–391.
57.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.LeeJ. Y.PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
58.
PrestonC. C.ColmanA. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1–15.
59.
QiaoG.GaoJ. (2017). Chinese tourists’ perceptions of climate change and mitigation behavior: An application of norm activation theory. Sustainability, 9(8), 1322.
RasoolimaneshS. M.RingleC. M.SarstedtM.OlyaH. (2021). The combined use of symmetric and asymmetric approaches: Partial least squares-structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(5), 1571–1592.
RipleyB. D. (1996). Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge University Press.
65.
SadiqM.NgoT. Q.PantameeA. A.KhudoykulovK.Thi NganT.TanL. P. (2023). The role of environmental social and governance in achieving sustainable development goals: Evidence from ASEAN countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 170–190.
66.
SeyfiS.HallC. M.SaarinenJ. (2022). Rethinking sustainable substitution between domestic and international tourism: A policy thought experiment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism Leisure and Events. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2022.2100410
67.
ShengL.ZhangL. (2022). Understanding the determinants for predicting citizens’ travel mode change from private cars to public transport in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–14.
68.
SternP. C.DietzT.AbelT.GuagnanoG. A.KalofL. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.
69.
StoneM. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of The Royal Statistical Society, 36(2), 111–133.
70.
SunC.ZhangW.FangX.GaoX.XuM. (2019). Urban public transport and air quality: Empirical study of China cities. Energy Policy, 135, 110998.
71.
Teixeira DiasF.de Aguiar DutraA. R.Vieira CubasA. L.Ferreira HenckmaierM. F.CourvalM.de Andrade GuerraJ. B. S. O. (2023). Sustainable development with environmental, social and governance: Strategies for urban sustainability. Sustainable Development, 31(1), 528–539.
72.
TomejK.LiburdJ. J. (2020). Sustainable accessibility in rural destinations: A public transport network approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(2), 222–239.
73.
TongL.YanW.MantaO. (2022). Artificial Intelligence influences intelligent automation in tourism: A mediating role of Internet of things and environmental, social, and governance investment. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1–15.
ÜnalA. B.StegL.GranskayaJ. (2019). To support or not to support, that is the question”. Testing the VBN theory in predicting support for car use reduction policies in Russia. Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice, 119, 73–81.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
