This study explores the nonlinear impact of globalization on inbound tourism over the period 1995–2014 for 53 countries. The results reveal a nonlinear relationship between globalization and inbound tourism, suggesting that different levels of globalization for countries have varied impacts on inbound tourism development. More globalized countries are able to draw more inbound tourists, but this does not enhance their international tourism receipts (percentage of GDP) and net tourism service exports under a higher level of globalization, indicating that globalization does not necessarily benefit inbound tourism development.
AdamouA., andClerides.S.2010.
“Prospects and Limits of Tourism-Led Growth: The International Evidence.”Review of Economic Analysis3: 287–303.
2.
Al-RodhanN. R. F., andStoudmann.G.2006. Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition,
vol. 6.
Geneva:
Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
3.
ArellanoM., andBover.O.1995.
“Another Look at the Instrumental Variables Estimation of Error-Components Models.”Journal of Econometrics68 (1): 29–51.
4.
AzaryaV.2004.
“Globalization and International Tourism in Developing Countries: Marginality as a Commercial Commodity.”Current Sociology52 (6): 949–67.
5.
BelloumiM.2010.
“The Relationship between Tourism Receipts, Real Effective Exchange Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia.”International Journal of Tourism Research12 (5): 550–60.
Bick, A. 2010. “Threshold effects of inflation on economic growth in developing countries.” Economics Letters 108 (2): 126–129.
8.
BridaJ. G., Cortes-JimenezI.Pulina.M.2016.
“Has the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Been Validated? A Literature Review.”Current Issues in Tourism19 (5): 394–430.
9.
CanerM., andHansen.B. E.2004.
“Instrumental Variable Estimation of a Threshold Model.”Econometric Theory20 (5): 813–43.
10.
CaterE. A.1987.
“Tourism in the Least Developed Countries.”Annals of Tourism Research14 (2): 202–26.
11.
Chang, C. L., T. Khamkaew, M. McAleer, and R. Tansuchat.2010.
“A Panel Threshold Model of Tourism Specialization and Economic Development.”International Journal of Intelligent Technologies and Applied Statistics3 (2): 159–86.
12.
ChangC. P., andLee.C. C.2010.
“Globalization and Economic Growth: A Political Economy Analysis for OECD Countries.”Global Economic Review39 (2): 151–73.
13.
ChenC. F., andChiou-WeiS. Z. 200.
“Tourism Expansion, Tourism Uncertainty and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Taiwan and Korea.”Tourism Management30 (6): 812–18.
14.
ChiuY.-B., andLee.C.-C.2019.
“Financial Development, Income Inequality, and Country Risk.” Journal of International Money and Finance93: 1–18.
15.
ChiuY.-B., andYeh.L.-T.2017.
“The Threshold Effects of the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Model.”Journal of Travel Research56 (5): 625–37.
16.
ChouM. C.2013.
“Does Tourism Development Promote Economic Growth in Transition Countries? A Panel Data Analysis.”Economic Modelling33: 226–32.
17.
ColeM. T., andDavies.R. B.2014.
“Royale with Cheese: Globalization, Tourism, and the Variety of Goods.” Review of Development Economics18 (2): 386–400.
18.
David, D., G. P. Pedro, and H. E. Paula.2005. “Threshold Effects in the Relationship between Inflation and Growth: A New Panel-Data Approach.” MPRA Paper 38225. University Library of Munich, Germany. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38225/1/MPRA_paper_38225.pdf.
19.
De VitaG., andKyaw.K. S.2017.
“Tourism Specialization, Absorptive Capacity, and Economic Growth.”Journal of Travel Research56 (4): 423–35.
20.
DreherA.2006.
“Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a New Index of Globalization.”Applied Economics38 (10): 1091–110.
21.
DreherA.GastonN.Martens.P.2008. Measuring Globalization: Gauging Its Consequences.
New York:
Springer.
22.
DritsakisN.2004.
“Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis.”Tourism Economics10 (3): 305–16.
23.
Du, D. A., A. Lew, and P. T. Ng.2016.
“Tourism and Economic Growth.”Journal of Travel Research55 (4): 454–64.
24.
DwyerL.2015.
“Globalization of Tourism: Drivers and Outcomes.”Tourism Recreation Research40 (3): 326–39.
25.
DwyerL.ForsythP.Spurr.R.2004.
“Evaluating Tourism’s Economic Effects: New and Old Approaches.”Tourism Management25 (3): 307–17.
26.
EndoK.2006.
“Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism—Flows and Volumes.”Tourism Management27 (4): 600–14.
27.
FayedH., andFletcher.J.2002.
“Report: Globalization of Economic Activity: Issues for Tourism.”Tourism Economics8 (2): 207–30.
28.
FereidouniH. G.Al-MulaliU.Najdi.Y.2014.
“Globalization Indicators–Inbound Tourism Relationship in the MENA Region.”Anatolia25 (3): 364–73.
29.
FreidmanT.2005. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century.
New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
30.
GurgulH., andLach.Ł.2014.
“Globalization and Economic Growth: Evidence from Two Decades of Transition in CEE.”Economic Modelling36: 99–107.
31.
HarrisonD.1992. “International Tourism and the Less Developed Countries: The Background.” In International Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, edited by D. Harrison, 1–19. London: Belhaven Press.
32.
HidayatiF.2018.
“Tourism and Economic Growth: The Role of Globalization.”Journal of Public Administration Studies2 (2): 16–20.
33.
HjalagerA. M.2007.
“Stages in the Economic Globalization of Tourism.”Annals of Tourism Research34 (2): 437–57.
34.
HociungI. G., andFrâncu.L. G.2012.
“Globalization–Tourism–Communication, Competitiveness Triangle on the Market Affected by the Economic Crisis.”Theoretical and Applied Economics19 (7): 133–46.
35.
IvanovS.2005. “Measurement of the Macroeconomic Impacts of Tourism.” PhD diss., University of Economics, Varna, Bulgaria.
36.
IvanovS. H., andWebster.C.2013a.
“Tourism’s Impact on Growth: The Role of Globalisation.”Annals of Tourism Research41: 231–36.
37.
IvanovS. H., andWebster.C.2013b.
“Globalisation as a Driver of Destination Competitiveness.”Annals of Tourism Research43: 628–33.
38.
JavidE., andKatircioglu.S.2017.
“The Globalization Indicators–Tourism Development Nexus: A Dynamic Panel-Data Analysis.”Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research22 (11): 1194–205.
39.
JinX.QuM.Bao.J.2019.
“Impact of Crisis Events on Chinese Outbound Tourist Flow: A Framework for Post-events Growth.”Tourism Management74: 334–44.
40.
KhanM. S., andSsnhadji.A. S.2001.
“Threshold Effects in the Relationship between Inflation and Growth.”IMF Staff Papers48 (1): 1–21.
41.
KimH. J.ChenM. H.Jang.S. C. S.2006.
“Tourism Expansion and Economic Development: The Case of Taiwan.”Tourism Management27 (5): 925–33.
42.
KremerS., BickA.Nautz.D.2013.
“Inflation and Growth: New Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis.”Empirical Economics44 (2): 861–78.
43.
KulendranN., andWilson.K.2000.
“Is There a Relationship between International Trade and International Travel?”Applied Economics32 (8): 1001–1009.
44.
LanzaA., andPigliaru.F.2000. “Why Are Tourism Countries Small and Fast-Growing?” In Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development, edited by A. Fossati and G. Panella, 57–69. Boston: Springer.
45.
LinV. S.YangY.Li.G.2019.
“Where Can Tourism-Led Growth and Economy-Driven Tourism Growth Occur?”Journal of Travel Research58 (5): 760–73.
46.
MaddalaG. S., and Wu.S.1999.
“A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test.”Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics61 (Suppl 1): 631–52.
47.
MeethanK.2004. “Transnational Corporations, Globalization, and Tourism.” In A Companion to Tourism, edited by A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, and A. M. Williams, 110–21. Malden: Blackwell.
48.
MowforthM., andMunt.I.2015. Tourism and Sustainability: Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World, 4th ed.
London:
Routledge.
49.
MustafaM. H.2010.
“Tourism and Globalization in the Arab World.”International Journal of Business and Social Science1 (1): 37–48.
50.
Naudé, W. A., and A. Saayman. 2005. “Determinants of tourist arrivals in Africa: a panel data regression analysis.” Tourism Economics 11(3): 365–391.
51.
OhC. O.2005.
“The Contribution of Tourism Development to Economic Growth in the Korean Economy.”Tourism Management26 (1): 39–44.
52.
PayneJ. E., andMervar.A.2010.
“Research Note: The Tourism–Growth Nexus in Croatia.”Tourism Economics16 (4): 1089–94.
53.
PoW.-C., andHuang.B.-N.2008.
“Tourism Development and Economic Growth—A Nonlinear Approach.”Physical A387: 5535–42.
54.
RodrikD.1998.
“Globalization, Social Conflict and Economic Growth.”World Economy21 (2): 143–58.
55.
RousseauP. L., andSylla.R.2003. “Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Globalization.” In Globalization in Historical Perspective, edited by M. D. Bordo, A. M. Taylor, and J. G. Williamson, 373–416. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56.
Saha, S. J., J. Su, and N. Campbell.2017.
“Does Political and Economic Freedom Matter for Inbound Tourism? A Cross-National Panel Data Estimation.”Journal of Travel Research56 (2): 221–34.
57.
SarelM.1996.
“Non-linear Effects of Inflation on Economic Growth.”Staff Papers43 (1): 199–215.
58.
SeetanahB.2011.
“Assessing the Dynamic Economic Impact of Tourism for Island Economies.”Annals of Tourism Research38 (1): 291–308.
59.
SequeiraT. N., andNunes.P. M.2008.
“Does Tourism Influence Economic Growth? A Dynamic Panel Data Approach.”Applied Economics40 (18): 2431–41.
60.
ShanJ., andWilson.K.2001.
“Causality between Trade and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from China.”Applied Economics Letters8 (4): 279–83.
61.
SongH.LiG.Cao.Z.2018.
“Tourism and Economic Globalization: An Emerging Research Agenda.”Journal of Travel Research57 (8): 999–1011.
62.
SugiyartoG.BlakeA.Sinclair.M. T.2003.
“Tourism and Globalization: Economic Impact in Indonesia.”Annals of Tourism Research30 (3): 683–701.
63.
SureshK. G.GautamV., andKumar.M.2011.
“Analysing the Relationships among Tourism, Trade, and Economic Growth in Indian Perspective.”Journal of International Business and Economy12 (1): 1–11.
64.
Tang, S. E., A. Selvanathan, and S. Selvanathan.2007.
“The Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from China.”Tourism Economics13 (1): 25–39.
65.
World Tourism Organization. 2017. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2017 Edition. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
66.
World Tourism Organization. 2018. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
67.
ZappinoV.2005.
“Caribbean Tourism and Development: An Overview.”European Centre for Development Policy Management Discussion Paper65: 1–38.
68.
ZhaoW., andLi.X.2006.
“Globalization of Tourism and Third World Tourism Development.”Chinese Geographical Science16 (3): 203–10.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
