The purpose of this study was to develop, test, and use an instrument to measure the effectiveness of a community-based, mandated drug education intervention program, Youthful Offenders Program (YOP), targeting college students at risk. A total of N = 350 students voluntarily agreed to participate in an evaluation of program effectiveness using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and a newly developed measure to compare changes in substance related behaviors over time. Results revealed sound psychometric structure for the new scale for use in program evaluation; results suggest that YOP significantly enhanced safety practices and reduced hazardous drinking and recidivism, but not avoidance of risky behaviors.
AraasT. E.AdamsT. B. (2008). Protective behavioral strategies and negative alcohol-related consequences in college students. Journal of Drug Education, 38(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.38.3.b
2.
BaborT.Higgins BiddleJ.SaundersJ.MonteiroM. (2001). AUDIT the alcohol use disorders identification test. Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.). WHO/MSD/MSB/01.6 World Health Organization.
3.
BorsariB.CareyK. B. (2005). Two brief alcohol interventions for mandated college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.296
BurlesonJ. A.KaminerY.DennisM. L. (2006). Absence of iatrogenic or contagion effects in adolescent group therapy: Findings from the Cannabis youth treatment (CYT) study. The American Journal on Addictions/American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 15 Suppl 1, 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490601003656
6.
CastilloL. G.SchwartzS. J. (2013). Introduction to the special issue on college student mental health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21972
7.
CiminiM. D.MartensM. P.LarimerM. E.KilmerJ. R.NeighborsC.MonserratJ. M. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of peer-facilitated interventions addressing high-risk drinking among judicially mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Supplement, (s16), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsads.2009.s16.57
8.
ComreyA. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 754–761.
9.
CroomK.LewisD.MarchellT.LesserM. L.ReynaV. F.Kubicki-BedfordL.FefferM.Staiano-CoicoL. (2009). Impact of an online alcohol education course on behavior and harm for incoming first-year college students: Short-term evaluation of a randomized trial. Journal of American College Health, 57(4), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.4.445-454
10.
D’AmicoE. J.HunterS. B.MilesJ. N. V.EwingB. A.OsillaK. C. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a group motivational interviewing intervention for adolescents with a first time alcohol or drug offense. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(5), 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.06.005
11.
DonohueB.AllenD. N.MaurerA.OzolsJ.DeStefanoG. (2004). A controlled evaluation of two prevention programs in reducing alcohol use among college students at low and high risk for alcohol related problems. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education, 48(1), 13–33.
12.
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) (2011). Selected tables of national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, SAMHSA, 2013.
13.
EndersC. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press.
14.
FrommeK.CorbinW. (2004). Prevention of heavy drinking and associated negative consequences among mandated and voluntary college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1038
15.
HainesM. P.BarkerG.RiceR. M. (2006). The personal protective behaviors of college student drinkers: Evidence of indigenous protective norms. Journal of American College Health, 55(2), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.2.69-76
16.
HairJ. F.BlackW. C.BabinB. J.AndersonR. E.TathamR. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson.
17.
HingsonR. W.ZhaW.WeitzmanE. R. (2009). Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. College students ages 18-24, 1998-2005. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement, (16), 12–20.
HustadJ. T. P.Eaton ShortE.BorsariB.BarnettN. P.O’Leary TevyawT.KahlerC. W. (2011). College alcohol citations result in modest reductions in student drinking. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40(3), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.11.005
20.
KaminerY. (2005). Challenges and opportunities of group therapy for adolescent substance abuse: A critical review. Addictive Behaviors, 30(9), 1765–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.07.002
21.
KazemiD. M.LevineM. J.QiL.DmochowskiJ. (2015). Brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking mandated and voluntary freshmen: A 1-year follow-up assessment. Nursing Outlook, 63(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2014.11.002
22.
KlineP. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routeledge.
23.
LaBrieJ. W.LambT. F.PedersenE. R.QuinlanT. (2006). A group motivational interviewing intervention reduces drinking and alcohol-related consequences in adjudicated college students. Journal of College Student Development, 47(3), 267–280.
24.
LarimerM. E.CronceJ. M. (2007). Identification, prevention, and treatment revisited: Individual-focused college drinking prevention strategies 1999-2006. Addictive Behaviors, 32(11), 2439–2468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.006
25.
MartensM. P.PedersenE. R.LaBrieJ. W.FerrierA. G.CiminiM. D. (2007). Measuring alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies among college students: Further examination of the protective behavioral strategies scale. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.3.307
26.
MartensM. P.TaylorK. K.DamannK. M.PageJ. C.MowryE. S.CiminiM. D. (2004). Protective behavioral strategies when drinking alcohol and their relationship to negative alcohol-related consequences in college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(4), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.18.4.390
27.
MedaS. A.HawkinsK. A.DagerA. D.TennenH.KhadkaS.AustadC. S.WoodR. M.RaskinS.FallahiC. R.PearlsonG. D. (2018). Longitudinal effects of alcohol consumption on the hippocampus and parahippocampus in college students. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(7), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.02.006
28.
MillerW. R.RollnickS. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
29.
O’HareT.SherrerM. V. (1999). Validating the alcohol Use disorder identification test with college first-offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(1–2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00063-4
30.
OswaltS. B.ShuttM. D.EnglishE.LittleS. D. (2007). Did it work? Examining the impact of an alcohol intervention on sanctioned college students. Journal of College Student Development, 48(5), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0056
31.
PallantJ. (2007). SPSS Survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education.
32.
PearsonM. R. (2013). Use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies among college students: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1025–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.006
33.
ReidA. E.CareyK. B. (2015). Interventions to reduce college student drinking: State of the evidence for mechanisms of behavior change. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.006
34.
ReinertD. F.AllenJ. P. (2002). The alcohol Use disorders identification test (AUDIT): A review of recent research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(2), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541220201700103
35.
SamsonJ. E.Tanner-SmithE. E. (2015). Single-session alcohol interventions for heavy drinking college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(4), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2015.76.530
36.
SaundersJ. B.AaslandO. G.BaborT. F.De La FuenteJ. R.GrantM. (1993). Development of the alcohol Use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791–804.
37.
SchlomerG. L.BaumanS.CardN. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018082
38.
Scott-SheldonL. A. J.CareyK. B.ElliottJ. C.GareyL.CareyM. P. (2014). Efficacy of alcohol interventions for first-year college students: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035192
39.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved fromhttps://www.samhsa.gov/data/
40.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). HarperCollins College.
41.
TemboC.BurnsS.KalemboF. (2017). The association between levels of alcohol consumption and mental health problems and academic performance among young university students. PLoS One, 12(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178142
42.
TevyawT. O.BorsariB.ColbyS. M.MontiP. M. (2007). Peer enhancement of a brief motivational intervention with mandated college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.1.114
VaughnM. G.HowardM. O. (2004). Adolescent substance abuse treatment: A synthesis of controlled evaluations. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(5), 325–335.
45.
WhiteH. R. (2006). Reduction of alcohol-related harm on United States college campuses: The use of personal feedback interventions. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17(4), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.02.006
