Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Clinical activities at dental premises after the COVID-19 lockdown period or post-COVID-19 are likely to be a challenge for all practicing dentists. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists and change in dental practice following lockdown, a total of 1150 participants were approached through online survey forms registered on www.surveys.google. A link containing details of the questionnaire and a consent form was sent to dentists through emails and social media forums. The questionnaire included 3 domains comprising of seventeen questions. The first section focused on demographics. The second section inquired about the change in dental practice, that is, clinical hours, use of PPE, type of treatment, and patient flow. The third section investigated the impact of COVID-19 on dentistry. Means, standard deviation, and percentages were calculated using descriptive statistics. Chi-square was used to find an association between different variables. The response rate was 87%. Demographic factors revealed participants aged from 20.45 to 40.55 years. The data showed around 89.6% (896) of dentists have altered their clinical working hours post lockdown and, approximately, 59.7% (597) of dentists provided only emergency treatments. 88.1% (881) of the dentists wore PPE during dental procedures. Overall, a huge negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was observed among practicing dentists in terms of the dental supply chain, cost, and availability of dental equipment, treatment cost, and bill payments.COVID-19 pandemic compromised dental care. Though dentists were taking precautionary measures and have changed their practice according to the guidelines provided by the ADA and World Health Organization, they were still experiencing monetary loss due to decrease patient influx post lockdown.

Keywords

change assessment dental practice impact assessment cross-sectional study personal protective equipment oral care

Highlights

What do we already know about this topic?

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted dentistry and dental care professionals. There is work already published, but the outcomes are heterogenous and subjective. Also, there is not much work-related dentistry.

How does your research contribute to the field?

Most of the work is on health care professionals, although dentistry and dental care professionals are at high risk of getting the disease. The present research targets dental care professionals and inquires about the problems they faced and how the disease has impacted their quality of life and finances.

What are your research’s implications towards theory, practice, or policy?

This research may help in forming a policy or guidelines on how patients need to be treated using precautionary measures during COVID-19 and in what way to overcome problems faced by dentists keeping them safe in this situation after lockdown.

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global pandemic. The disease has resulted in the morbidity and mortality of millions of people around the globe.¹ With its high contagious index, the virus is responsible for causing pneumonia-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).^2,3 To date, more than 40 million people have suffered from coronavirus disease and more than 1 million people have died.⁴ COVID-19 has impacted individuals from all walks of life, in particular, the health care sectors. The health sectors reacted to this global pandemic by displaying day-to-day resilience and keeping themselves updated regarding crises.⁵ In addition, they have developed emergency protocols to combat unfortunate events along with emergency contact checklists by following the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Dental Association (ADA).^6,7

With its fast global spread, high mortality rate, and resistance against most antiviral regimes, the disease has led us alteration of lifestyle incredibly.⁸ In fear and to limit the spread of disease, countries have locked down through introducing curfews, closed their borders, and enforced social distancing and isolation procedures.^9,10 Traveling through the air and by other means has been ceased worldwide. Businesses are facing unprecedented challenges, economies have slowed down and all this has consequently impacted different sectors of healthcare, particularly dentistry.^11,12

The frontline medical health care providers are at a higher risk to get infected as they are treating sick individuals.^7,13 Dentists practicing or treating patients share an equal level of risk, due to its mode of transmission.¹⁴ In dentistry, most of the procedures require rotary drills and ultrasonic scalers.^15,16 The aerosols produced during such treatment process may cause viral dispersion, therefore, exposing the working dentist. Therefore, to minimize the risk the ADA, WHO, and other international authorities, that is, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Australian Dental Council (ADC),¹⁶ have developed guidelines for dentists to provide only emergency treatment and postponing all elective procedures. This has resulted in a huge descend in dental revenue among dentists working or owning private practices.¹⁷

In this context, numerous questions arise regarding the need to alter current biosafety norms by dental professionals during and after the pandemic due to the characteristics and transmission modes of COVID-19.¹⁸ Strict disinfection protocols have been followed after the COVID-19 pandemic, which is favorable to the patients who are getting treated.¹⁹ Whereas, lack of easy accessibility of urgent oral care increases the incidence of oral disease.¹⁹ Also, due to fear and anxiety among patients and limitations of treatment provided by the dentist, they are an increased probability of a decline in oral health, with a possible finding the middle ground in systemic health of patients.²⁰

Apart from oral health, a crippling loss due to closed dental practice is predicted. According to a recent report, dental practices in many developed countries like the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) are experiencing economic losses and have been permanently or temporarily closed due to nonpayment of salaries to their employees.²¹ Therefore, to our knowledge from existing indexed literature, there is limited evidence on COVID-19 impact assessment on oral health and change in dental practice post lockdown. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on dental care professionals and change in dental practice following post lockdown.

Material and Method

A cross-sectional study was approved by the ethical and review committee of Foundation University, Islamabad under ethical review number (FF/FUCD/7414). The duration of the current study was 2 months, that is, August 1 to September 30, 2020.

The present study was conducted amongst dentists of Pakistan to evaluate the post lockdown effect of COVID-19 and its impact on clinical dental practice. A sample size of 1150 participants was considered appropriate at a 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error, and 80% power of the study using open epi statistical software.²² Participants were approached through online survey forms registered on www.surveys.google. A link containing details of the questionnaire and a consent form for voluntary participation was sent to dentists through emails and social media platforms (WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter). The email addresses were obtained from the portal of the Pakistan Medical Council (PMC). Confidentiality was carefully assured among all the participants. Reminder weekly emails and WhatsApp messages were sent periodically to improve the response rate.

A structured, self-administered questionnaire comprised of 3 sections with seventeen questions in total was used. For all the items of the questionnaire, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >.80 was considered satisfactory. In cases of items with ICC values <.80, the questionnaire was edited to increase ICC. To obtain information about the validity of the tool and items, we conducted a pretest in a sample of 22 dentists who were asked to evaluate its clarity, writing style, question sequence, and internal consistency. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through retest reliability in which the questionnaire was administered with a group of respondents and later the survey was repeated with the same participants later on.

Three domains of the cross-sectional survey comprised of questions focused on demographics, that is, age, gender, designation, marital status, and clinical experience. The second section inquired about the change assessment related to dental practice, that is, clinical hours, PPE, type of treatment, and patient flow. The third section was designed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on dental practice. Some questions were sourced from the work by Ghani²³ and included in the study with minor modifications.

A single investigator to minimize bias evaluated all the responses. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc, software version 21 Chicago, IL, USA). Means, standard deviation (SD), and percentages were calculated using descriptive statistics. Chi-square was used to find an association between different variables.

Results

A total of 1150 dentists were sent a questionnaire out of which 1000 dental professionals responded to the survey, displaying a satisfactory response rate of 87%.

Socio-Demographic Analysis

Out of the total response received, gender analysis revealed, 477 were males and 523 were females. The participant’s ages ranged from 20 to 40 years, with a mean age range (22.87 ± 4.75). According to the designation, 71.2% (712) dentists were general dentists, and the remaining 28.8% (288) were specialists. The majority of participants were working in a hospital setting along with their private practice. (Table 1)

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of respondents.

Demographics	Number (%)
Gender	Male	47.8
Gender	Female	52.2
Age	21-30	73.7
Age	31-40	26.3
Designation	General dental practitioner	71.2
Designation	Specialist	28.8
Marital status	Married	37.3
Marital status	Unmarried	62.7
Clinical experience	House job	22.6
	1–4 years	32.3
	5 years and above	45.1

Assessment of Changes in Dental Practice Following Lockdown

Almost 89.6% (896) of dentists altered their clinical working hours after lifting of lockdown. Around 40.3% (403) dentists were offering all types of elective procedures in their dental clinics whereas the remaining 59.7% (597) of dentists refused to perform all treatments, offering only emergency and palliative care. A daunting number 95.5% (955) of dentists changed their cling films before each patient. Similarly, 88.1% (881) dental professionals wore personal protective equipment (PPE) at their dental practice. The majority of them favored appointment-based patient treatment. When inquired about patient flow, 64.2% (642) of dentists responded that the flow of patients plummeted after the lifting of lockdown. (Table 2, Figures 1 and 2)

Table 2.

Assessment of change in dental practice following lockdown (n = 1150).

	Yes (%)	No (%)
Have your clinical hours altered after lifting of lockdown?	89.6 (896)	10.4 (104)
Are you offering all types of treatments in your dental practice?	40.3 (403)	59.7 (597)
Are you following the extra precautionary measures related to the change of cling films after each patient at your clinic?	95.5 (955)	04.5 (45)
Are extra precautionary measures like personal protective equipment (PPE) being followed at your practice?	88.1 (88.1)	11.9 (119)
	Increased	Decreased	Still the same as pre lockdown
What effect did lift of lockdown have on your patient flow?	19.4 (194)	64.2 (642)	16.4 (164)

Figure 1.

Assessment of change in dental practice following lockdown.

Figure 2.

Effect of post lockdown on patient flow.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentistry

Around 94% (940) of dentists responded that pandemic has affected the supply of dental materials. Similarly, 92.5% (925) dentists gave a positive response when inquired about the higher prices of dental material during the pandemic. The majority of the 89.1% (891) also responded that cost of extra precautionary measures affected their cost of treatment. Besides, 86.6% (866) of dentists faced difficulty in paying rents and bills. (Table 3, Figure 3)

Table 3.

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dental practices.

	Yes (%)	No (%)
Did COVID-19 pandemic affect the supply chain of dental supplies?	94 (940)	06 (60)
Did the prices of dental supplies increase during the COVID-19 pandemic?	92.5 (925)	7.5 (75)
Is the PPE readily available to you at a nominal price?	24.2 (242)	75.8 (758)
Did extra precautionary measures affect your cost of treatment?	89.1 (891)	11.9 (119)
Did you experience any difficulty in paying rents/bills following the COVID-19 pandemic?	86.6 (866)	13.4 (134)

Figure 3.

Assessment of impact of Covid-19 pandemic on dental practice.

Discussion

The present cross-sectional study provides a unique assessment of the post lockdown effects of COVID-19 on clinical dental practice. To our understanding, this is a unique survey that assesses the impact of the pandemic on dentistry and the changes made in the clinical practice post lockdown. The response rate of the present study was approximately 87%, which was found to be satisfactory. Moreover, it presents participants’ eagerness to contribute towards data-driven decision-making.²⁴

A cross-sectional approach was adopted as the design is easy, simple to perform, along with being cost-effective, and has fewer risks of loss to follow up. Moreover, it helps in generating a hypothesis for investigation which can be investigated further, using a much more complex study design.²⁵ Data was collected using a questionnaire generated through online Google forms, as the method is more accurate, less biased, and convenient, compared to a manual survey.²¹ Questionnaire-based studies are generally renowned for the data collection on the topics, that is, preferences, attitudes, opinions, and experience of participants. However, data collection and interpretation need careful consideration.²⁶

The outcomes of the present study indicated that the overall impact of the pandemic on constantly changing clinical dental practice was astounding. The majority of the response showed that dentists are determined towards committing to the best practices issued by ADA and other dental regulatory bodies. This change in clinical practice is due to the nature of the disease and its mode of transmission.²⁷ The results displayed dentists' concern towards their patients and their health. In addition, it was observed that 59.7% (597) of the dentists provided emergency treatment with a decrease in patient flow 64.2% (642) post lockdown. The reason for treating only emergency dental cases is adherence to the WHO guidelines and to a fact that these cases may become a burden on the health care system if left unattended.²⁴ In a similar survey conducted in Beijing, China, they also observed a drop in emergency patient flow up to 38%.²⁸ This might be because people are reluctant to visit dental clinics during the pandemic due to fear. Hence, it is of utmost importance that dentists follow the guidelines issued by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and WHO, act diligently, and provide appropriate care to their patients to limit the spread.²⁰

When asked about extra precautionary measures implemented by the dentists during patient treatment, that is, change of cling films, the response from the participants was affirmative. Surface contamination occurred during aerosol-generating procedures, these droplets can be deposited on the nearby surfaces acting as a source of transmission of the virus to other patients.²⁹ A recent study by Ahmed and Jouhar stated splatter and aerosols are produced 12, 24, and 36 inches distance immediately after cavity preparation and 30 min after cavity preparation.³⁰ Therefore, it is advisable to refrain from removing the personal protective barriers immediately after the procedure within the vicinity of the dental practice.³⁰ Previous evidence had revealed that human coronaviruses, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), persist on non-living surfaces for up to 9 days.³¹ Nevertheless, their spread can be limited by using various alcohol and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) based disinfectants.^32,33 PPE provides a major part of protection to the health care workers and in control of the disease. Similarly, most of the dentists around 88.1% (881) in the present study were aware of its importance, following the recommended guideline by WHO and other dental regulatory bodies.^34,35

On the assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentistry, the results were not conclusive. When inquired about the prices and difficulty in getting dental supplies during the pandemic. The majority of the dentists complained of not getting appropriate equipment along with disruption in the supply chain. A study conducted by Edward Livingstone al. exhibited that manufacturers were not ready to fulfill the increased demand of PPE due to pandemics which interns lead to shortages and high prices of PPE.³⁶ Moreover, providing only emergency treatment lead to the extensive monetary loss experienced by dentists.^37,38 Furthermore, participants of the current study proclaimed that they faced difficulty in paying their rent and bills. A recent survey conducted by Imran Farooq and Saqib Ali¹⁹ reported that one-fifth of the dentists have completely closed their practices. In addition, it was also found that three-fourth of practicing dentists have suffered from a financial loss of up to 70% during a pandemic.⁶

One of the limitations of the present study was the small sample size so the generalizability of the study is limited. Similarly, the selection of study design might have also impacted the results because we could not determine the cause-effect relationship. Furthermore, data from the present study were collected in 2 months. This short period may have an impact on validating results. A cohort study design will be best suited to answer questions that were left unexplored in the current study.

Conclusion

COVID-19 pandemic impaired dentistry and dental practice. Most of the dentists followed guidelines approved by the ADA and WHO. Dentists experienced huge monetary constraints during this pandemic.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors are grateful to the Researchers supporting project at King Saud University for funding through Researchers supporting project No. (RSP-2020-240)

ORCID iD

Fahim Vohra

References

Quadri

MFA

Shubayr

Hattan

Wafi

Jafer

. Oral hygiene practices among saudi arabian children and its relation to their dental caries status. Inter J Den. 2018;2018:1-6. doi:10.1155/2018/3234970

Zhao

, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8

Omidi

Moradi

Mostofi Sarkari

. Risk of COVID-19 infection in workplace settings and the use of personal protective equipment. Work. 2020;66(2):377-378. doi:10.3233/WOR-203188

Worldometer . Coronavirus. Cases. Worldometer. doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.20018549V2

Faraji

Ghayour Najafabadi

Rostad

Anastasio

. The effect of COVID-19 quarantine on physical and social parameters of physical education providers and youth sport coaches. Work. 2020;67(4):767-769. doi:10.3233/WOR-203329

Alharbi

Alqaidi

. Guidelines for dental care provision during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Saudi Dent J. 2020;32(4):181-186. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.04.001

Gunthe

Swain

Patra

Amte

. On the global trends and spread of the COVID-19 outbreak: preliminary assessment of the potential relation between location-specific temperature and UV index. J Public Health. 2020:1-10. doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01279-y.

Phan

. Novel coronavirus: from discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104211. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104211

Ludvigsson

. Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1088-1095. doi:10.1111/apa.15270

10.

Arefi

Babaei-Pouya

Poursadeqiyan

. The health effects of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work. 2020;67(3):523-527. doi:10.3233/wor-203306

11.

Sabino-Silva

Jardim

ACG

Siqueira

. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin Oral Invest. 2020;24(4):1619-1621. doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x

12.

Banakar

Lankarani

Jafarpour

Moayedi

Banakar

Mohammadsadeghi

. COVID-19 transmission risk and protective protocols in dentistry: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01270-9

13.

Ünal Ö. During . COVID-19, which is more effective in work accident prevention behavior of healthcare professionals: safety awareness or fatalism perception? Work. 2020;67(4):783-790. doi:10.3233/WOR-203327.

14.

Ahmed

Jouhar

Ahmed

, et al. Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2020;17(8):2821. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082821

15.

Peng

Cheng

Zhou

Ren

. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-6. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9

16.

Al-Khalifa

AlSheikh

Al-Swuailem

, et al. Pandemic preparedness of dentists against coronavirus disease: a Saudi Arabian experience. PLoS One. 2020;15(8 August):e0237630. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237630

17.

Qureshi

URU

Saleem

Khan

Afzal

Ali

Ahmed

. Outbreak of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV); implications for travelers to Pakistan. Trav Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101571. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101571

18.

Silveira

MGDSES

Fernandezdos

MDSS

Tillmann

TFF

Danigno

Echeverria

Silva

AER

. Changes in dental practice in times of COVID-19: review and recommendations for dental health care. RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 2021;69. doi:10.1590/1981-86372021000120200073.

19.

Farooq

Ali

. COVID-19 outbreak and its monetary implications for dental practices, hospitals and healthcare workers. Postgrad Med. 2020;2020:137781. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137781

20.

Ayittey

Chiwero

Kamasah

Dzuvor

. Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019‐nCoV on China and the world. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):473-475. doi:10.1002/jmv.25706

21.

Al-Shibani

Labban

Alshehri

, et al. Influence of occupational factors on the job satisfaction among licensed periodontist in kingdom of saudi arabia: a cross-sectional study. J Adv Oral Res. 2020;11(1):16-22. doi:10.1177/2320206819890453

22.

Shahin

Bugshan

Almulhim

, et al. Knowledge of dentists, dental auxiliaries, and students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01361-7

23.

Ghani

. Covid-19 outbreak - immediate and long-term impacts on the dental profession. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;36(COVID19-S4):S126-S129. doi:10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2698

24.

Oliver

Barber

Roomp

. The Covid19Impact Survey: Assessing the Pulse of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain via 24 Questions. Published online April 2020.

25.

Sedgwick

. Cross sectional studies: advantages and disadvantages. BMJ. 2014;348:2276-g2276. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2276

26.

Maher

Jastania

Beyari

, et al. Variability in airborne bacterial and fungal population in educational dental hospital, umm al-qura university. Int J Health Sci Res. 2017;7(2):165.

27.

Nag

. Characteristics of indoor environmental quality. Design Science and Innovation. 2019:279-310. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2577-9_10

28.

Geyu

Z-Y

Yangming

L-M

Xiajia

J-J

Fuhui

X-H

Zhangzhen

Y-Z

. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ - Sci B. 2020;21(5):361-368. doi:10.1631/jzus.B2010010

29.

Meng

Hua

Bian

. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-487. doi:10.1177/0022034520914246

30.

Ahmed

Jouhar

. Dissemination of aerosol and splatter in clinical environment during cavity preparation: An in vitro study. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2021;18(7):3773. doi:10.3390/ijerph18073773

31.

Kampf

Todt

Pfaender

Steinmann

. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246-251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022.

32.

Kohn

Harte

Malvitz

Collins

Cleveland

Eklund

. Cover story guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings-2003. JADA (J Am Dent Assoc). 2004;135(1):33-47. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0019

33.

Anzar

Afaq

Baig

Mohamed

Bukhari

Vohra

. Relationship between work-related ocular events, facial injuries and associated factors amongst dental professionals during COVID-19. Work. 2021;69(3):759-766. doi:10.3233/WOR-205101

34.

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care: American Association of Endodontists. https://www.aae.org/specialty/clinical-resources/coronavirus-disease-19-covid-19-implications-for-clinical-dental-care/

35.

Cagetti

Cairoli

Senna

Campus

. COVID-19 outbreak in North Italy: an overview on dentistry. a questionnaire survey. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2020;17(11):3835. doi:10.3390/ijerph17113835

36.

Livingston

Desai

Berkwits

. Sourcing personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama. 2020;323(19):1912-1914. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5317

37.

Fang

Wang

Yang

. Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China. SSRN Electron J. 2020;191:104272. Published online. 10.2139/ssrn.3561645.

38.

Izzetti

Gennai

Nisi

, et al. A perspective on dental activity during COVID‐19: the Italian survey. Oral Dis. 2021;27(S3):694-702. doi:10.1111/odi.13606

Evaluating the Influence of COVID-19 Among Dental Practitioners After Lockdown

Abstract

Keywords

Highlights

What do we already know about this topic?

How does your research contribute to the field?

What are your research’s implications towards theory, practice, or policy?

Introduction

Material and Method

Results

Socio-Demographic Analysis

Assessment of Changes in Dental Practice Following Lockdown

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentistry

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References