Mass transport rates of reactants within textile fibers can markedly affect the kinetic and mechanistic interpretation of observed reaction rates during finishing and dyeing of textiles. Simple criteria are presented which allow estimates to be made to show whether appreciable diffusion phenomena exist during these processes. These criteria are independent of any specific chemical reaction, but depend for a given textile substrate of given dimensions mainly on the rate of the reaction and the adsorption behavior and the diffusion coefficient of the chemical reagents. The theoretical basis of these criteria is explained with the aid of a simple diffusion-immobilization model. Computed graphs enable the magnitude of diffusion effects, to be easily determined from experimental data in the form of a diffusion factor η. Knowing η, the intrinsic reaction kinetics can then be determined. The usefulness of this procedure is discussed.
Annen, O., Rouette, H.K., Rys, P., and Zollinger, H., Quellung, Diffusion und chemische Reaktion im Vemetzungssystem Formatdehyd-Zellulose I: Geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritte von Vernetzungsvorgängen, Textilveredlung, 7, 528-540 (1972).
2.
Annen, O., Rys, P., Terada, Y., and Zollinger, H., Quellung, Diffusion und chemische Reaktion im Vernetzungssystem Formaldehyd-Cellulose. II: Mechanismus und praktische Bedeutung der Teilreaktionen bei der Cellulosevernetzung im Geweberverband, Melliand Textilber.53, 1972.
Crank, J., "The Mathematics of Diffusion," Oxford, Claredon Press, 1967.
5.
Danckwerts, P.V., Absorption by Simultaneous Diffusion and Chemical Reaction, Trans. Faraday Soc.46, 300-304 (1950); Absorption by Simultaneous Diffusion and Chemical Reaction into Particles of Various Shapes into Falling Drops, Ibid.47, 1014-1023, (1951).
6.
Heinisch, K. , Katayama, A., Rouette, H.K., Wehner, A., and Zollinger, H., The ChemicalStructure of Crosslinked Cotton ; Textile Chem. Colorist2, 391-395 (1970).
7.
Hori, T. and Rys, P., Unpublished Results.
8.
McBain, J.W. , Measurement of Diffusion Rate in the Process of Dissolving Gases in Solid Phases, Z. physik. Chem.68, 471-497 (1909); Dunwald, H. and Wagner, C., Ibid. B24, 53-58 (1934); Hill, A.V., Proc. Roy. Soc.104B, 39-96 (1928).
9.
Ott, R.J., Ph.D. Thesis, E.T.H. -Zurich, Switzerland, 1971.
10.
Orwell, R. and Rys, P., Unpublished results.
11.
Petropoulos, J.H. and Roussis, P.O., "Organic Solid State Chemistry." Ed. Adler, G., London, Gordon & Breach, 1969.
12.
Petropoulos, J.H. and Roussis, P.O., Study of "Non-Fickian" Diffusion Anomalies Through Time Lags. I: Some Time-Dependent Anomalies, J. Chem. Physics47, 1491 (1967); Ibid.III: Simple Distance-Dependent Anomalies in Porous Media, 48, 4619-4624 (1968); IbidIV: More Complex Cases of Axial Distance-Dependent. Anomalies, 50, 3951-3956 (1969 ).
13.
Rys, P. and Zollinger, H., "Fundamentals of the Chemistry and Application of Dyes, " London, Wiley, 1972; Weisz, P.B., Ph.D. Thesis, E.T.H.—Zurich , Switzerland, 1966.
14.
Sekido, M., Iijima, T., and Takahashi, A., Diffusion of Dyes into Nylon Film, Keggo Kagaku Zasshi68, 524-527 (1965).
15.
Weisz, P.B. et al., Sorption-Diffusion in Heterogeneoua Systems. Part I: General Sorption Behavior and Criteria, Trans. Faraday Soc.63, 1801-1806 (1967 ); Ibid.Part II: Qualitative Solutions for the uptake Rates, 63, 1807-1814 (1967 ); Ibid.Part III: Experimental Models of Dye Sorption, 63, 1815-1823 (1967 ); Ibid.Part IV: Dyeing Rates in Organic Fibers, 64, 693-700 (1968); Die Tiefere Bedeutung des Diffusions-Koeffizienten bei Farbevorgängen. I: Mitteilung über Diffusion von Farbstoffen, Melliand Textilber.48, 70-75 (1967).
16.
Weisz, P.B. and Prater, C.D., Interpretation of Measurements in Experimental Catalysis, Adv. Catalysts6, 143-196 (1954); Satterfield, C.N. and Sherwood, T.P., "The Role of Diffusion in Catalysis," New York, 1963.
17.
Willard, J.J. , Tesoro, G.C., and Valko, E.I., Effect of Radial Location of Cross Links in Cellulose Fibers on Fabric Properties, Textile Res. J.39, 413-421 (1969) ; Meier, P., Ph.D. Thesis, E.T.H.—Zurich, Switzerland, 1969; Gogek, C.J. and Valko, E.I., Control of Radial Distribution of Cross-Links in Cotton Fibers, Textilveredlung2, 423-428 (1967); Rowland, P.S., Rollins, M.L., aud de Gruy, I.V., Degree of Heterogeneous Distribution of Fonnatdehyde Crosslinks in Cotton Cellulose, J. Appl. Polymer Sci.10, 1763-1776 (1966); French 1478856, Raduner & Co., Horn, Switzerland (1965); Berard, W.N., Leonard, E.K., and Reeves, W.A., Wrinkle-and Muss-Resistant Finish for Cotton Using Formic Acid Colloid of Methylolmelamines , Amer. Dyestuff Reptr.50, 627-630, 634 (1961), Weiss, F.Zweistufenausrtistungen von Baumwolle mit N-Dimethylol-verbindungen, Melliand Textilber.45, 1244-1248 (1964); Kato, M., Properties of Cellulose Fibers in which Crosslinks are Distributed in the Peripheral Regions., Bull. Textile Res. Inst. (Japan) 70, 3136 ( 1964).
