This study developed compression leggings (CLs) with a support panel for foot progression angle (FPA) correction to improve the fit without restricting the user's movement while providing an appropriate external force. This study aimed to examine the effects of FPA correction concerning the functionality and usability of the support panel of CLs that ensure low pressure. Clothing pressure (CP), FPA, skin blood flow (SBF), perceived strength, and usability of OCLs during treadmill walking were compared with the normal leggings (NLs). Differences in CP, FPA, SBF, and user evaluation results were analyzed according to different wearing conditions. Despite the low CP generated by the support panel (≤3.21 mmHg), there was a significant positive orthotic effect with an 11.6–18.0% increase in FPA for external rotation and a 10.5% increase in SBF. The users felt pressure and support around the thigh where the support panel was placed and directional tensile strength throughout their lower extremities while recognizing the usefulness in gait correction. Pressure and support provided by the support panel assured appearance satisfaction, dimension satisfaction, compression satisfaction, ease of movement, and safety. This study demonstrated that the support panel of CLs provided an FPA correction effect concerning functionality and usability.
CibulkaMTWintersKKampwerthT, et al.
Predicting foot progression angle during gait using two clinical measures in healthy adults: A preliminary study. Int J Sports Phys Ther2016;
11: 400‒408.
2.
RethlefsenSAHealyBSWrenTAL, et al.
Causes of intoeing gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg2006;
88: 2175‒2180.
3.
ShinSJKimSR.Torsional deformities of the lower extremities in children. J Med Lif Sci2010;
7: 32‒34.
4.
FabryGChengLXMolenaersG.Normal and abnormal torsional development in children, Clin Orthop Rel Res1994;
302: 22‒26.
BanksHHGreenWT.Adductor myotomy and obturator neurectomy for the correction of adduction contracture of the hip in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am1960;
42: 111‒126.
7.
SteelHH.Gluteus medius and minimus insertion advancement for correction of internal rotation gait in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am1980;
62: 919‒927.
8.
AronsonDDZakPJLeeCL, et al.
Posterior transfer of the adductors in children who have cerebral palsy: A long-term study. J Bone Joint Surg Am1991;
73: 59‒65.
ArnoldASBlemkerSSDelpSL.Evaluation of a deformable musculoskeletal model for estimating muscle-tendon lengths during crouch gait. Ann Biomed Eng2001;
29: 263‒274.
11.
LovejoySATylkowskiCOeffingerD, et al.
The effects of hamstring lengthening on hip rotation. J Pediatr Orthop2007;
27: 142‒146.
12.
DobsonFGrahamHKBakerR, et al.
Multilevel orthopaedic surgery in group IV spastic hemiplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Br2005;
87‒B: 548‒555.
13.
PirpirisMTrivettABakerR, et al.
Femoral derotation osteotomy in spastic diplegia: proximal or distal?J Bone Joint Surg Br2003;
85-B: 265‒272.
14.
DietzFR.Intoeing: Fact, fiction and opinion. Am Fam Physician1994;
50: 1249‒259
15.
StaheliLT.Rotational problems of the lower extremities. Orthop Clin North Am1987;
18: 503‒512.
HutterCGScottW.Tibial torsion. J Bone Joint Surg1949;
31: 511‒518.
18.
WeseleyMSBarenfeldPAEiensteinAL.Thoughts on in-toeing and out-toeing: Twenty years' experience with over 5000 cases and a review of the literature. Foot Ankle Int1981;
2: 49‒57.
19.
MohamedRAEidMA,
Twister wraps versus twister cables on gait pattern and in-toeing in children with diplegic cerebral palsy. Sc J Az Med Fac (Girls)2013;
1: 1‒14.
20.
SongDHLeeYEunBL, et al.
Usefulness of tibia counter rotator (TCR) for treatment of tibial internal torsion in children. Korean J Pediatr2007;
50: 79‒84.
21.
RichardsAMorcosSRethlefsenS, et al.
The use of TheraTogs versus twister cables in the treatment of in-toeing during gait in a child with spina bifida. Pediatr Phys Ther2012;
24: 321‒326.
22.
RangM.Toeing in and toeing out: Gait disorders. In: WengerDRRangM (eds) The art and practice of children’s orthopaedics.
New York, NY:
Raven Press, 1993, pp. 50‒76.
23.
KnittelGStaheliLT.The effectiveness of shoe corrections for intoeing. Orthop Clin North Am1976;
7: 1019‒1025.
24.
NairKPSMarsdenJ.The management of spasticity in adults. Br Med J2014;
349: g4737.
25.
CoghillJESimkissDE.Question 1 Do Lycra garments improve function and movement in children with cerebral palsy?Arch Dis Child2010;
95: 393‒395.
26.
HafnerJLüthiWHänssleH, et al.
Instruction of compression therapy by means of interface pressure measurement. Dermatol Surg2000;
26: 481‒487.
27.
NgSFFHuiCLP,
Effect of hemedges on the interface pressure of pressure garments. Int J Cloth Sci Technol1999;
11: 251‒261.
28.
BahramizadehMRassafianiMAminianG, et al.
Effect of dynamic elastomeric fabric orthoses on postural control in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther2015;
27: 349‒354.
29.
FinlaysonJCrockettJShanmugamS, et al.
Lycra splinting garments for adults with intellectual disabilities who fall due to gait or balance issues: A feasibility study. J Intell Dis Res2018;
62: 391‒406.
30.
NicholsonJHMortonREAttfieldS, et al.
Assessment of upper‐limb function and movement in children with cerebral palsy wearing Lycra garments. Dev Med, Child Neurol2001;
43: 384‒391.
31.
RennieDJ.An evaluation of lycra garments in the lower limb using 3‐D gait analysis and functional assessment (PEDI). Gait Posture2000;
12: 1‒6.
32.
AshtonH.Effect of inflatable plastic splints on blood flow. Br Med J1966;
2: 1427‒1430.
33.
CampionECHoflhanDCJepsonRP.The effects of external pneumatic splint pressure on muscle blood flow. Aust N J Surg1968;
38: 154‒157.
34.
RithaliaSVS.Pressure sores: Methods used for the assessment of patient support surfaces. Clin Rehab1991;
5: 323‒329.
35.
BaekYJChoiJW.Determination of the garment pressure level using the elastic bands by human body parts. J Korean Soc Cloth Text2008;
32: 1651‒1658.
36.
AttardJ.Physiological effects of lycra® pressure garments on children with cerebral palsy. In: AnandSCKennedyJFMiraftabM, et al. (eds) Medical and healthcare textiles.
Cambridge:
Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 300‒308.
37.
LeeHHongKKimYW, et al.
Clothing pressure evaluation of girdle and waist nipper and related wearing conditions. Sci Emot Sensib2013;
16: 1‒10.
38.
LeeJONamYJ.A study on feeling of wearing and clothing pressure of custom-made girdles. Text Sci Eng2002;
39: 503‒513.
39.
JeongJRKimHE.Comparative evaluation of clothing pressure and subjective sensation exerted by foundation. J Korean Soc Cloth Text2006;
30: 1531‒1537.
40.
ParkJHChunJ.Comparison of evaluation methods for measuring pressure of compression wear. Res J Costume Cult2013;
21: 535‒545.
41.
RyanDJ.Intoeing: A developmental norm. Orthop Nurs2001;
20: 13‒18.
42.
AkbaşEAtayAÖYükselI.The effects of additional kinesio taping over exercise in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc2001;
45: 335–341.
43.
KaseKWallisJKaseT.Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio Taping® method.
Tokyo:
Ken Ikai Co., 2003.
44.
Martínez-GramageJMerino-RamireMAAmer-CuencaJJ, et al.
Effect of Kinesio Taping on gastrocnemius activity and ankle range of movement during gait in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther Sport2016;
18: 56‒61.
45.
MyersTW.Anatomy trains: Myofascial meridians for manual and movement therapists. 2nd ed.
New York, NY:
Churchill Livingstone, 2009.
46.
SpinaRCameronMAlexanderR,
The effect of functional fascial taping on Morton’s neuroma. Australas Chiropr Osteopathy2002;
10: 45‒50.
47.
SchleipRNaylorILUrsuD, et al.
Passive muscle stiffness may be influenced by active contractility of intramuscular connective tissue. Med Hypotheses2006;
66: 66‒71.
48.
ASTM D2594-04:2016. Standard test method for stretch properties of knitted fabrics having low power.
LeiMLomaxRG.The effect of varying degrees of non-normality in structural equation modeling. Struct Equation Model2005;
12: 1‒27.
51.
HanJKamberMPeiJ.Data mining: Concepts and techniques. 3rd ed.
Burlington, MA:
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2011.
52.
ArmstrongHJ.Patternmaking for fashion design. 5th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.
53.
ZiegertBKeilG.Stretch fabric interaction with action wearables: Defining a body contouring pattern system. Cloth Text Res J1988;
6: 54‒64.
54.
ISO 4915:1991. Stitch types ‒ Classification and terminology.
55.
ISO 6892-1:2019. Metallic Materials ‒ Tensile Testing ‒ Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature.
56.
ISO 139:2005 Textiles ‒ Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing.
57.
ISO 8559-2:2017. Size designation of clothes ‒ Part 2: Primary and secondary.
58.
SlupikADwornikMBialoszewskiD, et al.
Effect of Kinesio taping on bioelectrical activity of vastus medialis muscle: Preliminary report. Orthop Trauma Rehab2007;
9: 644‒651.
59.
KimNYLeeH.Influence of clothing pressure on blood flow and subjective sensibility of commercial sports compression wear. Fash Text Res J2019;
21: 459‒467.
60.
DavisFD.Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q1989;
13: 319‒340.
61.
ISO 9241-11:2018. Ergonomics of human-system interaction ‒ Part 11: Usability: definitions and concepts.
62.
ByeEMcKinneyE.Fit analysis using live and 3D scan models. Int J Cloth Sci Technol2010;
22: 88‒100.
63.
ChoiJKimNWuY, et al.
Effects of 3D compression suits on EEG analysis during and after walking. J Korean Soc Cloth Text2014;
38: 440‒454.
64.
HeinemannAWBodeRKO’ReillyC.Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users’ Survey (OPUS): A comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments. Prosthet Orthot Int2003;
27: 191‒206.
65.
DemersLWeiss-LambrouRSkaB.The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0): An overview and recent progress. Technol Dis2002;
14: 101‒105.
66.
KimHSKooDSNamYJ, et al.
Research on technology status and development direction of wearable robot. Fash Text Res J2019;
21: 640‒655.
67.
KwonSHLeeBSLeeHJ, et al.
Energy efficiency and patient satisfaction of gait with knee-ankle-foot orthosis and robot (ReWalk)-assisted gait in patients with spinal cord injury. Ann Rehabil Med2020;
44: 131‒141.
68.
KimSNamYJ.Establishing quantitative evaluation standards for the mobility test of slacks. Fash Text Res J2016;
18: 80–90.
69.
StaheliLTCorbettMWyssC, et al.
Lower-extremity rotational problems in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am1985;
67: 39–47.
70.
NeumannDA.Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for rehabilitation. 3rd ed.
St. Louis, MO:
Mosby, 2016.
