Traditional water-based flame-retardant finishing causes serious pollution due to the use of a large number of chemicals, and color change is easily generated since the flame-retardant finishing takes place after the cotton dyeing. An eco-friendly flame-retardant finishing of dyed cotton was explored using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), 2,2′-oxybis-(5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2,-dioxaphosphorinane-2,2′-disulfide) (5060), SiO2, DOPO/SiO2 (1:1), 5060/SiO2 (1:1) and DOPO/5060 (1:1) in supercritical CO2. The effects of finishing time and pressure as well as temperature on the flame-retarding properties of the cotton were discussed. As expected, samples with the higher weight gain rates exhibit a lower after-flame time as well as after-glow time. In different flame-retardant systems, cotton fabric finished with DOPO presents the lowest after-flame time of 20.6 s and after-glow time of 0 s at 130°C, 22 MPa and 120 min due to its biphenyl ring and O=P-O bond. Moreover, tiny fluctuations of L*, a*, b* and K/S values occurred from 32.10 to 34.24, 5.78 to 6.05, –37.89 to –37.64 and 10.59 to 10.81 when the cotton samples were treated with DOPO, 5060, SiO2, DOPO/SiO2 (1:1), 5060/SiO2 (1:1) and DOPO/5060 (1:1), proving that no significant negative role in the color property of the samples occurs after supercritical CO2 finishing.
Liu G, Han Y, Zhao Y, et al. Development of CO2 utilized flame retardant finishing: Solubility measurements of flame retardants and application of the process to cotton. J CO2 Util 2020; 37: 222–229.
2.
LiYWangBSuiX, et al.
Durable flame retardant and antibacterial finishing on cotton fabrics with cyclotriphosphazene/polydopamine/silver nanoparticles hybrid coatings. Appl Surf Sci2018;
435: 1337–1343.
3.
AbdelrahmanMSKhattabTA.Development of one-step water-repellent and flame-retardant finishes for cotton. ChemistrySelect2019;
4: 3811–3816.
4.
XuLWangWYuD.Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with halogen-free organophosphonate by UV photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry. Carbohydr Polym2017;
172: 275–283.
PoonCKKanCW.Effects of TiO2 and curing temperatures on flame retardant finishing of cotton. Carbohydr Polym2015;
121: 457–467.
7.
Gao S, Su J, Wang W, et al. Highly efficient and durable antibacterial cotton fabrics finished with zwitterionic polysulfobetaine by one-step eco-friendly strategy. Cellulose 2021; 28: 1139–1152.
8.
Liu X, Zhang Q, Peng B, et al. Flame retardant cellulosic fabrics via layer-by-layer self-assembly double coating with egg white protein and phytic acid. J Clean Prod 2020; 243: 118641.
9.
Malucelli G. Sol-gel and layer-by-layer coatings for flame-retardant cotton fabrics: recent advances. Coatings 2020; 10: 333.
10.
LiSZhongLHuangS, et al.
A reactive fluorine-free, efficient superhydrophobic and flame-retardant finishing agent for cotton fabrics. Cellulose2019;
26: 6333–6347.
11.
Mayer-GallTKnittelDGutmannJS, et al.
Permanent flame retardant finishing of textiles by allyl-functionalized polyphosphazenes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2015;
7: 9349–9363.
12.
ThiHNHongKVTHaTN, et al.
Application of plasma activation in flame-retardant treatment for cotton fabric. Polymers (Basel)2020;
12: 1–16.
13.
FaragZRKrügerSHiddeG, et al.
Deposition of thick polymer or inorganic layers with flame-retardant properties by combination of plasma and spray processes. Surf Coatings Technol2013;
228: 266–274.
14.
JiangZXuDMaX, et al.
Facile synthesis of novel reactive phosphoramidate siloxane and application to flame retardant cellulose fabrics. Cellulose2019;
26: 5783–5796.
15.
Zheng H, Zhang J, Yan J, et al. An industrial scale multiple supercritical carbon dioxide apparatus and its eco-friendly dyeing production. J CO2 Util 2016; 16: 272–281.
16.
AbateMTFerriAGuanJ, et al.
Colouration and bio-activation of polyester fabric with curcumin in supercritical CO2: Part I – investigating colouration properties. J Supercrit Fluids2019;
152: 104548.
17.
Zheng H, Xu Y, Zhang J, et al. An ecofriendly dyeing of wool with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. J Clean Prod 2017; 143: 269–277.
18.
JaxelJLiebnerFWHansmannC.Solvent-free dyeing of solid wood in water-saturated supercritical carbon dioxide. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2020;
8: 5446–5451.
19.
Zhang J, Qiao Y, Zu X, et al. Cleaner strategy for the scouring and bleaching of flax rove with enzymes in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Clean Prod 2019; 210: 759–766.
20.
ZhengHSuYZhengL, et al.
Numerical simulation of CO2 and dye separation for supercritical fluid in separator. Sep Purif Technol2020;
236: 116246.
21.
LiubimtsevNADenizAElmanovichIV, et al.
Morphology and properties of flame-retardant superhydrophobic polymer coatings deposited on cotton fabrics from supercritical CO2. ACS Appl Polym Mater2020;
2: 2919–2926.
22.
FontenotKREassonMWSmithJ, et al.
Application of a phosphazene derivative as a flame retardant for cotton fabric using conventional method and supercritical co2. AATCC J Res2014;
1: 16–26.
23.
LiuGHanYZhaoY, et al.
Development of CO2 utilized flame retardant finishing: solubility measurements of flame retardants and application of the process to cotton. J CO2 Util2020;
37: 222–229.
24.
Zhang L, Kong H, Qiao M, et al. Growing nano-SiO2 on the surface of aramid fibers assisted by supercritical CO2 to enhance the thermal stability, interfacial shear strength, and UV resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11(9): 1397.
25.
WangZGaoXLiW.Epoxy resin/cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and wollastonite with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and thermal resistance. High Perform Polym2020;
32: 710–718.
26.
HsiueGHLiuYLLiaoHH.Flame-retardant epoxy resins: An approach from organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem2001;
39: 986–996.
27.
WangPChenLXiaoH, et al.
Nitrogen/sulfur-containing DOPO based oligomer for highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab2020;
171: 109023.
28.
ShiKFengLHeL, et al.
Solubility determination and correlation of gatifloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in supercritical CO2. J Chem Eng Data2017;
62: 4235–4243.
29.
ZhangLWangYLiuQ, et al.
Synergistic effects between silicon-containing flame retardant and DOPO on flame retardancy of epoxy resins. J Therm Anal Calorim2016;
123: 1343–1350.
30.
Abou ElmaatyTSofanMElsisiH, et al.
Optimization of an eco-friendly dyeing process in both laboratory scale and pilot scale supercritical carbon dioxide unit for polypropylene fabrics with special new disperse dyes. J CO2 Util2019;
33: 365–371.
31.
Shafizadeh F and Bradbury AGW. Thermal degradation of cellulose in air and nitrogen at low temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 1979; 23: 1431–1442.
32.
WangSSuiXLiY, et al.
Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with organosilicon functionalized cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab2016;
128: 22–28.
33.
TaherkhaniAHasanzadehM.Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer using citric acid. Mater Chem Phys2018;
219: 425–432.
