Study of the degradation of cellulosic fibers can be based on measurement of their optical, mechanical and chemical properties. Instrumental spectroscopic methods and mechanical properties measurement are preferred. Other methods, such as viscometric and gel permeation chromatography determination of the average degree of polymerization are even more reliable. Selection of the methods for cellulose degradation monitoring must be based on the knowledge of their limits in relation to the various degradation mechanisms. This work is concerned with determining these limits of selected methods of characterizing cellulose textiles in relation to damage in acidic and alkaline conditions and to oxidation at various pH values of the oxidation bath. Model samples of cotton textiles damaged to various degrees in various media were characterized using viscometric determination of the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose, the thread tensile strength, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy.
Tímár-BalászyAEastopD. Chemical principles of textile conservation, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1998.
2.
Lewin M. (ed.) Handbook of fiber chemistry. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2007.
3.
LinJHChangYHHsuYH. Degradation of cotton cellulose treated with hydrochloric acid either in water or in ethanol. Food Hydrocolloids2009; 23: 1548–1553.
4.
LojewskiTMiskowiecPMissoriM, et al.FTIR and UV/vis as methods for evaluation of oxidative degradation of model paper: DFT approach for carbonyl vibrations. Carbohydr Polym2010; 82: 370–375.
5.
Van LoonLRGlausMA. Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories. J Polymer Environ1997; 5(2): 97–109.
6.
LojewskiTZiebaKKnapiA, et al.Evaluating paper degradation progress: Cross-linking between chromatographic, spectroscopic and chemical results. Appl Phys A2010; 100: 809–821.
7.
KnillCJKennedyJF. Degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions. Carbohydr Polym2003; 51: 281–300.
8.
AhnKHennigesUBanikG, et al.Is cellulose degradation due to β-elimination processes a threat in mass deacidification of library books?Cellulose2012; 19: 1149–1159.
9.
LewinMEpsteinJA. Functional groups and degradation of cotton oxidized by hypochlorite. J Polym Sci1962; 58: 1023–1037.
10.
ĎurovičMZelingerJ. Chemické pochody při bělení papíru knihovních a archivních sbírek. Chem Listy1991; 85: 480–499.
11.
Hon NS. (ed.) Wood and cellulosic chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.
12.
KassaiMR. Comparison of various solvents for determination of intrinsic viscosity and viscometric constants for cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci2002; 86: 2189–2193.
13.
KačíkFGeffertováJKačíkováD. Charakterizácia celulózy a buničín metódou gélovej permeačnej chromatografie a viskozimetrie. Acta Facultatits Xylologiae2009; 51(2): 93–103.
14.
TakácsEWojnárovitsLBorsaJ, et al.Modification of cotton-cellulose by preirradiation grafting. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B2005; 236: 259–265.
15.
De SilvaRByrneN. Utilization of cotton waste for regenerated cellulose fibres: Influence of degree of polymerization on mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym2017; 174: 89–94.
16.
Hummel DO. Plastics, elastomers, fibers and resins (part 1). In: Infrared analysis of polymers, resins and additives A Atlas. Munich: Wiley-Interscience, 1971.
17.
ColomXCarrilloFNoguésF, et al.Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy. Polym Degrad Stab2003; 80: 543–549.
18.
PandeyKKPitmanAJ. FTIR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad2003; 52: 151–160.
19.
GarsidePWyethP. Identification of cellulosic fibres by FTIR spectroscopy – thread and single fibre analysis by attenuated total reflectance. Stud Conserv2003; 48(4): 269–275.
20.
HofstetterKHinterstoisserBSalménL. Moisture uptake in native cellulose – the roles of different hydrogen bonds: a dynamic FT-IR study using deuterium exchange. Cellulose2006; 13: 131–145.
21.
LojewskaJMiskowiecPLojewskiT, et al.Cellulose oxidative and hydrolytic degradation: In situ FTIR approach. Polym Degrad Stab2005; 88: 512–520.
22.
PandeyKKChauhanSSAggarwalPK. Reaction of wood with inorganic salts. Holz Roh Werkst1998; 56(6): 412–415.
23.
OlssonAMSalménL. The association of water to cellulose and hemicellulose in paper examined by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 813–818.
24.
CardamoneJMNondestructive evaluation of aging in cotton textiles by Fourier transform reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. In: ZeronianS (eds). Historic textile and paper materials II, ACS Symposium Series. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989.
25.
CausinVMaregaCMarigoA, et al.Forensic differentiation of paper by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int2010; 197: 70–74.
26.
NelsonMLO’ConnorRT. Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in Cellulose I and II. J Appl Polym Sci1964; 8: 1325–1341.
27.
Dvořáková K. Vliv ochranných přípravků na dřevo. Diploma Thesis, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, VŠCHT Praha, 2010.
28.
Strlič M, Kolar J and Pihlar B. Methodology and analytical techniques in paper stability studies. In: Strlič M and Kolar J (eds) Ageing and stabilisation of paper. Ljubljana: National and University Library, 2005, pp.25–44.
29.
LojewskaJMissoriMLubaňskaA, et al.Carbonyl groups development on degraded cellulose. Correlation between spectroscopic and chemical results. Appl Phys A2007; 89: 883–887.
30.
HonNS. Formation of free radicals in photoirradiated cellulose. I. Effect of wavelength. J Poly Sci1975; 13: 1347–1361.
31.
HaasDWHrutfiordBFSarkanenKV. Kinetic study on the alkaline degradation of cotton hydrocellulose. J Appl Polym Sci1967; 11: 587–600.
32.
MachnowskiWGutarowskaBPerkowskiJ, et al.Effects of gamma radiation on the mechanical properties of and susceptibility to biodegradation of natural fibers. Text Res J2013; 83(1): 44–54.
33.
ChoiJChungYJKangDI, et al.Effect of radiation on disinfection and mechanical properties of Korean traditional paper, Hanji. Radiat Phys Chem2012; 81: 1051–1054.
34.
FaixOBremerJChmidtO, et al.Monitoring of chemical changes in white-rot degraded beech wood by pyrolysis-gas chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis1991; 21: 147–162.
35.
PicolloMCavalloEMacchioniN, et al.Spectral characterization of ancient wooden artefacts with the use of traditional IR techniques and ATR device: a methodological approach. e-PS2011; 8: 23–28.
