The aim of this work was to investigate the color change of cotton fabrics with stainless steel yarns incorporated. In order to establish the impact of conductive yarns’ composition properties in the fabric, concentrations and two different dyeing profiles based on direct and reactive dyes chemistry were applied. The success of this novel e-textile design was evaluated colorimetrically with two different dye concentrations as well through various linear electrical resistances to obtain solid statistical conclusions. The dyed samples were colorimetrically evaluated and the electrical resistances of conductive yarns inside the fabric structure were compared and discussed statistically before and after dyeing. The results provided evidence that dyeing has great influence on electrical resistances of conductive yarns used as transmission lines for electro-textile applications. The greatest changes in electrical resistances were observed with samples including thin conductive yarns and untwisted conductive yarn after dyeing processes. Additionally, it can be concluded that the presence of stainless steel conductive threads significantly retards the dyeing processes depending on the dyestuff concentration and weave type, resulting in major color differences, especially when plain weave type is used or the dyestuff concentration is less than 1% for twill and sateen weaves.
AbyCPSreeramKJNairBU. Doped oxides of cerium as inorganic colorants. Color Technol2007; 123: 374–378.
2.
MoussaADupontDSteenD. Colour change as a result of textile transformations. Color Technol2008; 124: 234–242.
3.
LiLLiuSDingF. Electromechanical analysis of length-related resistance and contact resistance of conductive knitted fabrics. Text Res J2012; 82(20): 2062–2070.
4.
Dhawan A. Development of robust fiber optic sensors suitable for incorporation into textiles, and a mechanical analysis of electronic textile circuits. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2007.
5.
DhawanASeyamAMGhoshTK. Woven fabric-based electrical circuits part I: Evaluating interconnect methods. Text Res J2004; 74: 913–919.
6.
DhawanATusharKGhoshTK. Woven Fabric-based electrical circuits part II: Yarn and fabric structures to reduce crosstalk noise in woven fabric-based circuits. Text Res J2010; 74: 955–960.
7.
LocherI. Enabling technologies for electrical circuits on a woven monofilament hybrid fabric. Text Res J2010; 78: 583–94.
8.
VisserHJReniersCF. Textile antennas, a practical approach. IET Seminar Digests2007, pp. 538–538.
9.
Sanz-Izquierdo B and Batchelor JC. A dual band belt antenna. In: International workshop on antenna technology: small antennas and novel metamaterials Keyaki-kaikan, Nishi-Chiba Campus, 4–6 March 2008, pp. 374–377. Japan: Chiba University.
10.
Salonen P and Rahmat-Samii Y. Textile antennas: Effects of antenna bending on input matching and impedance bandwidth. In: First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Nice, France, 6–10 November 2006, pp. 1–5.
11.
Salonen P and Keskilammi M. SoftWear antenna. In: IEEE Military Communications Conference. San Diego, California, 16–19 November 2008, pp. 1–6.
12.
HertleerCLaereAVRogierH. Influence of relative humidity on textile antenna performance. Text Res J2010; 80: 177–183.
13.
HertleerCTronquoARogierH. The use of textile materials to design wearable microstrip patch antennas. Text Res J2010; 78: 651–658.
14.
HertleerCRogierHVallozziL. A textile antenna based on high-performance fabrics. IET Seminar Digests2007, pp. 558–558.
15.
GimpelSMohringUMullerH. Textile-based electronic substrate technology. J. Ind. Text.2004; 33(3): 179–189.
16.
NakadZJonesMMartinT. Using electronic textiles to implement an acoustic beamforming array: A case study. Pervasive and Mobile Computing2007; 3(5): 581–606.
17.
ChengKB. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the twill copper woven fabrics. J Reinf Plast Comp2006; 25(7): 699–709.
18.
RohJSChiYSKangTJ. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of multifunctional metal composite fabrics. Text Res J2008; 78(9): 825–835.
19.
LeeSEParkKYOhKS. The use of carbon/dielectric fiber woven fabrics as filters for electromagnetic radiation. Carbon2009; 47(8): 1896–1904.
20.
KayacanOBulgunEY. Heating behaviors of metallic textile structures. Int J Cloth Sci Tech2009; 21(2/3): 127–136.
21.
KayacanOBulgunEYSahinO. Implementation of steel-based fabric panels in a heated garment design. Text Res J2009; 79(16): 1427–1437.
22.
ScilingoEGemignaniAParadisoR. Performance evaluation of sensing fabrics for monitoring physiological and biomechanical variables. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed2005; 9: 345–352.
23.
Wijesiriwardana R, Mitcham K and Dias T. Fibre-meshed transducers based real time wearable physiological information monitoring system. In: Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers Arlington, VA, USA, 31 October, 3 November 2004, pp.40–47.
24.
WijesiriwardanaR. Inductive fiber-meshed strain and displacement transducers for respiratory measuring systems and motion capturing systems. IEEE Sensors Journal2006; 6: 571–579.
25.
WanKM. A resistive network model for conductive knitting stitches resistive network of knitting stitches. Text Res J2010; 80(10): 1–13.
26.
LiLAuWMLiYWanKM. A novel design method for intelligent clothing based on garment design and knitting technology. Text Res J2009; 79: 1670–1679.
27.
Linz T, Kallmayer C, Aschenbrenner R, et al. Embroidering electrical interconnects with conductive yarn for the integration of flexible electronic modules into fabric. In: Ninth IEEE international symposium on wearable computers, Osaka, Japan, 18–21 October 2005, pp. 86–91.
28.
Linz T, Gourmelon L and Langereis G. Contactless EMG sensors embroidered onto textile. In: 4th international workshop on wearable and implantable body sensor networks, vol. 13, Germany: RWTH Aachen University, 26–28 March 2007, pp. 29–34.
29.
OdhiamboSAGilbertDMHertleerC. Discharge characteristics of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) textile batteries; comparison of silver coated yarn electrode devices and pure stainless steel filament yarn electrode devices. Text Res J2014; 84(4): 347–354.
30.
LeśnikowskiJ. Textile transmission lines in the modern textronic clothes. Fibres Text East Eur2011; 19(6): 89–93.
31.
AlagirusamyREichhoffJGriesT. Coating of conductive yarns for electro-textile applications. J TexI2013; 104(3): 270–277.
32.
Varnait ėSKatunskisJ. Influence of washing on the electric charge decay of fabrics with conductive yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2009; 17(5): 69–75.
33.
Varnait ėSVitkauskasAAbraitien ėRV. The features of electric charge decay in the polyester fabric containing metal fibres. Mater Sci-Medzg2008; 14(2): 157–161.
34.
SchwarzAHakuzimanaJWestbroekP. A study on the morphology of thin copper films on paraaramid yarns and their influence on the yarn's electro-conductive and mechanical properties. Text Res J2012; 82(15): 1587–1596.
35.
WangXXuWLiW. Study on the electrical resistance of textiles under wet conditions. Text Res J2009; 79(8): 753–760.
36.
PughSLGuthrieJT. The development of light fastness testing and light fastness standards. Rev. Prog. Color2001; 31(1): 42–56.
37.
FakinDVeronovskiNOjstršekA. Synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 colloid and its performance in reactive dyeing of cotton fabrics. Carbohyd Polym2012; 88(3): 992–1001.
38.
FakinDStana-KleinschekKKurečičM. Effects of nanoTiO2-SiO - on the hidrophilicity/dyeability of polyester fabric and photostability of disperse dyes under UV irradiation. Surf Coat Tech2014; 253: 185–193.
39.
Kursun-BahadirSKoncarVKalaogluF. Assessing the signal quality of an ultrasonic sensor on different conductive yarns used as transmission lines. Fibres Text East Eur2011; 19(5): 75–81.
40.
WonnacottTHWonnacottJR. Introductory statistics, Western Ontario: University of Western Ontario, 1990.
41.
Kursun-BahadirS. The effect of textile pretreatment processes on signal transferring capability of textile transmission lines. Fibres Text East Eur2015; 23(2/110): 55–62.
42.
CarriónFJ. The influence of the temperature on the sorption of microemulsionated cationic softeners on cotton. J Soc Dyers Colourists1994; 110(7): 234–237.
43.
Chakraborty JN. Fundamentals and practices in colouration of textiles. New Delhi: Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd, pp.28, 60.
