Out-of-plane effects on dynamic pull-out of p -phenylene terephthalamide yarns

Abstract

In this study, the mechanical response of a single yarn pull-out from single layers of Kevlar® and Twaron® fabric under out-of-plane loading at dynamic rates was experimentally investigated, as ballistic applications typically occur at higher velocities and out-of-plane directions compared to previous literature. In order to perform the dynamic experiments, a pendulum impact setup was designed and constructed to pull out a single yarn dynamically. The pull-out load was measured directly by a load cell and the movement of the fabric was measured to portray the load–displacement history. The effects of fabric length, out-of-plane versus in-plane yarn pull-out, and constraining boundary conditions were compared.