Auxetic materials are a kind of non-conventional materials having negative Poisson’s ratio. They laterally expand when stretched or laterally shrink when compressed. Compared to conventional materials, auxetic materials have a number of enhanced properties that could be very interesting for some special applications. This paper reviews the latest achievements in auxetic materials, including their properties, structures and applications. A special discussion on their potential applications in textiles is also made. It is expected that this review could provide some useful information for the future development of auxetic textile materials.
VoigtW. Bestimmung der Elasticitätsconstanten für das chlorsaure Natron. Annalen der Physik und Chemie1893; 49: 719–723.
2.
LakesRS. Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio. Science1987; 235: 1038–1040.
3.
ChanNEvansKE. Fabrication methods for auxetic foams. J Mater Sci1997; 32: 5945–5953.
4.
ShilkoSKonyokD. Numerical and experimental study of auxetic closed-cell foams. Comput Methods Sci Technol2004; 10: 197–202.
5.
TopolovVYBowenCR. Characteristics of 1–3 type ferroelectric ceramic/auxetic polymer composite. Model Simul Mater Sci2008; 16: 015007–015007.
6.
EvansKEDonoghueJPAldersonKL. The design, matching and manufacture of auxetic carbon fibre laminates. J Compos Mater2004; 38: 95–106.
7.
CicalaGReccaGOliveriL. Auxetic hexachiral truss core reinforced with twisted hemp yarns: out of plane shear properties, 2011. 16th international conference on composite structures (ICCS 16).
8.
NitinRKJamesRC. Negative Poisson ratios in crystalline SiO2 from first-principles calculations. Nature1992; 358: 222–224.
9.
HaeriAYWeidnerDJPariseJB. Elasticity of α-cristobalite: a silicon dioxide with a negative Poisson's ratio. Science1992; 257: 650–652.
10.
GrimaJNGattRAldersonA. An alternative explanation for the negative Poisson’s ratios in α-cristobalite. Mater Sci Eng A Struct2006; 423: 219–224.
11.
AldersonAEvansKE. Deformation mechanisms leading to auxetic behaviour in the α-cristobalite and α-quartz structures of both silica and Germania. J Phys Condens Mater2009; 21: 025401–025401.
12.
LoveAEH. A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity, 4th edn. New York: Dover Publications, 1944.
13.
LedbetterHLeiM. Monocrystal elastic constants of orthotropic Y1Ba2Cu3O7: an estimate. J Mater Res1991; 6: 2253–2255.
CaddockBDEvansKE. Microporous materials with negative Poisson's ratios. I. Microstructure and mechanical properties. J Phys D Appl Phys1989; 22: 1877–1882.
16.
AldersonKLEvansKE. The fabrication of micro-porous polyethylene having a negative Poisson's ratio. Polymer1992; 33: 4435–4438.
17.
AldersonKLWebberRSKettleAP. Novel fabrication route for auxetic polyethylene. Part 1. Processing and microstructure. Polym Eng Sci2005; 45: 568–568.
18.
PourNItzhakiLHozB. Auxetics at the molecular level: a negative Poisson's ratio in molecular rods. Angew Chem2006; 118: 6127–6129.
19.
HeCLiuPMcMullanPJ. Toward molecular auxetics: main chain liquid crystalline polymers consisting of laterally attached para-quaterphenyls. Phys Stat Sol B2005; 242: 576–584.
20.
HeCLiuPGriffinAC. Toward negative Poisson ratio polymers through molecular design. Macromolecules1998; 31: 3145–3147.
ScarpaFTomlinPJ. On the transverse shear modulus of negative Poisson’s ratio honeycomb structures. Fatigue Fract Eng M2000; 23: 717–720.
23.
JuJSummersJD. Hyperelastic constitutive modeling of hexagonal honeycombs subjected to in-plane shear loading. J Eng Mater Technol2011; 133: 011005–011005.
24.
CoenenVLAldersonKL. Mechanisms of failure in the static indentation resistance of auxetic carbon fibre laminates. Phys Stat Sol B2011; 248: 66–72.
25.
AldersonKLFitzgeraldAEvansKE. The strain dependent indentation resilience of auxetic microporous polyethylene. J Mater Sci2000; 35: 4039–4047.
26.
EvansKEAldersonA. Auxetic materials: functional materials and structures from lateral thinking!. Adv Mater2000; 12: 617–628.
27.
ScarpaFYatesJRCiffoLG. Dynamic crushing of auxetic open-cell polyurethane foam. P I Mech Eng C-J Mech2002; 216: 1153–1156.
28.
ScarpaFCiffoLGYatesJR. Dynamic properties of high structural integrity auxetic open cell foam. Smart Mater Struct2004; 13: 49–56.
29.
ScarpaFBulloughWALumleyP. Trends in acoustic properties of iron particle seeded auxetic polyurethane foam. P I Mech Eng C-J Mech2004; 218: 241–244.
30.
ScarpaFSmithFC. Passive and MR fluid-coated auxetic PU foam mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic properties. J Intel Mater Syst Str2004; 15: 973–979.
31.
ScarpaFGiacominJZhangY. Mechanical performance of auxetic polyurethane foam for antivibration glove applications. Cell. Polym2005; 24: 253–268.
32.
Ma ZD, Liu YY, Liu XM, et al. Ultralightweight runflat tires based upon negative Poisson ratio (NPR) auxetic structures. Patent 2011/0168313A1, USA, 2011.
33.
DollaWFrickeBABeckerBR. Structural and drug diffusion models of conventional and auxetic drug-eluting stents. J Med Devices2007; 1: 47–56.
34.
ScarpaF. Auxetic materials for bioprostheses. IEEE Signal Processing Mag2008; 25: 126–128.
35.
LiraCScarpaFRajasekaranR. A gradient cellular core for aeroengine fan blades based on auxetic configurations. J Intel Mater Syst Str2011; 22: 907–917.
36.
Liu Q. Literature review: materials with negative Poisson's ratios and potential applications to aerospace and defence. DSTO-GD-0472, DSTO Formal Reports, 2006.
37.
AldersonAAldersonK. Expanding materials and applications: exploiting auxetic textiles. Tech Text Int2005; 14: 29–34.
38.
LeesCVincentJFVHillertonJE. Poisson’s ratio in skin. Biomed Mater Eng1991; 1: 19–23.
39.
VerondaDRWestmannRA. Mechanical characterization of skin-finite deformations. J Biomech1970; 3: 111–124.
GrimaJNGattRZammitV. Natrolite: a zeolite with negative Poisson’s ratios. J Appl Phys2007; 101: 086102–086102.
42.
AldersonAAldersonKLEvansKE. Modelling the deformation mechanisms, structure–property relationships and applications of auxetic nanomaterials. Phys Stat Sol B2005; 242: 499–508.
43.
AldersonAEvansKE. Molecular origin of auxetic behavior in tetrahedral framework silicates. Phys Rev Lett2002; 89: 225503–225503.
44.
GrimaJNJacksonRAldersonA. Do zeolites have negative Poisson's ratios?Adv Mater2000; 12: 1912–1918.
45.
ShilkoSVPetrokovetsEMPleskachevskyYM. Prediction of auxetic phenomena in nanoporomaterials. Phys Stat Sol B2008; 245: 2445–2453.
46.
XuTLiG. A shape memory polymer based syntactic foam with negative Poisson’s ratio. Mater Sci Eng A2011; 528: 6804–6811.
47.
HadjigeorgiouEPStavroulakisGE. The use of auxetic materials in smart structures. Comput Methods Sci Technol2004; 10: 147–160.
48.
ScarpaFSmithFC. Passive and MR fluid-coated auxetic PU foam – mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic properties. J Intel Mater Syst Str2004; 15: 973–979.
49.
GibsonLJAshbyMFSchajerGS. The mechanics of two-dimensional cellular materials. Proc R Soc Lond A1982; 382: 25–42.
BoalDHSeifertUShillcockJC. Negative Poisson ratio in two-dimensional networks under tension. Phys Rev E1993; 48: 4274–4283.
52.
MiltonGW. Composite materials with Poisson’s ratios close to −1. J Mech Phys Solids1992; 40: 1105–1137.
53.
BezaziABoukharoubaWScarpaF. Mechanical properties of auxetic carbon/epoxy composites: static and cyclic fatigue behavior. Phys Stat Sol B2009; 246: 2102–2110.
54.
DonescSChiroiuVMunteanuL. On the Young’s modulus of an auxetic composite structure. Mech Res Commun2009; 36: 294–301.
55.
AldersonAAldersonKLRaviralaN. Design and modeling of mechanical and thermal responses of novel auxetic honeycomb cores for structural composites, 2011. 16th international conference on composite structures (ICCS 16).
56.
LimTCAcharyaUR. Counterintuitive modulus from semi-auxetic laminates. Phys Stat Sol B2011; 248: 60–65.
57.
AldersonKLAldersonASmartG. Auxetic polypropylene fibres: Part 1- manufacture and characterization. Plast Rubber Compos2002; 31: 344–349.
58.
RaviralaNAldersonAAldersonKL. Expanding the range of auxetic polymeric products using a novel melt-spinning route. Phys Stat Sol B2005; 242: 653–664.
59.
RaviralaNAldersonKLDaviesPJ. Negative Poisson’s ratio polyester fibers. Text Res J2006; 76: 540–546.
MillerWHookPBSmithCW. The manufacture and characterisation of a novel, low modulus, negative Poisson’s ratio composite. Compos Sci Technol2009; 69: 651–655.
62.
Ugbolue SC, Warner SB, Kim YK, et al. The formation and performance of auxetic textiles. NTC Project F06-MD09: Annual Report, 2006.
63.
Ugbolue SC, Warner SB, Kim YK, et al. The formation and performance of auxetic textiles. NTC Project F06-MD09: Annual Report, 2007.
64.
UgbolueSCKimYKWarnerSB. The formation and performance of auxetic textiles. Part I: Theoretical and technical considerations. J Text Inst2010; 101: 660–667.
65.
LiuYPHuHLamJKC. Negative Poisson’s ratio weft-knitted fabrics. Text Res J2010; 80: 856–863.
66.
HuHWangZYLiuS. Development of auxetic fabrics using flat knitting technology. Text Res J2011; 81: 1493–1502.
67.
EvansKEAldersonAChristianFR. Auxetic two-dimensional polymer networks an example of tailoring geometry for specific mechanical properties. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans1995; 91: 2671–2680.
68.
MastersIGEvansKE. Models for the elastic deformation of honeycombs. Compos Struct1996; 35: 403–422.
69.
SmithCWGrimaJNEvansKE. A novel mechanism for generating auxetic behavior in reticulated foams: missing rib foam model. Acta Mater2000; 48: 4349–4356.
70.
LakesRSWittR. Making and characterizing negative Poisson’s ratio materials. Int J Mech Eng Educ2000; 30: 50–58.
71.
LarsenUDSigmundOBouwstraS. Design and fabrication of compliant mechanisms and material structures with negative Poisson’s ratio. J MicroElectroMech S1997, pp. 365–371.
72.
TheocarisPSStavroulakisGEPanagiotopoulosPD. Negative Poisson's ratios in composites with star-shaped inclusions: a numerical homogenization approach. Arch Appl Mech1997; 67: 274–286.
73.
GrimaJNEvansKE. Auxetic behavior from rotating squares. J Mater Sci Lett2000; 19: 1563–1565.
74.
GrimaJNZammitVGattR. Auxetic behaviour from rotating semi-rigid units. Phys Status Solibi B2007; 244: 866–882.
75.
GrimaJNManicaroEAttardD. Auxetic behaviour from connected different-sized squares and rectangles. Proc R Soc A2011; 467: 439–458.
76.
GasparNSmithCWAldersonA. A generalised three-dimensional tethered-nodule model for auxetic materials. J Mater Sci2011; 46: 372–384.
77.
LimTCAcharyaRU. An hexagonal array of fourfold interconnected hexagonal nodules for modeling auxetic microporous polymers: a comparison of 2D and 3D models. J Mater Sci2009; 44: 4491–4494.
78.
GrimaJNGattRFarrugiaPS. On the properties of auxetic meta-tetrachiral structures. Phys Stat Sol B2008; 245: 511–520.
79.
Griffin AC, Kumar S and McMullan PJ. Textile fibers engineered from molecular auxetic polymers. M04-GT21, NTC Project, 2004.
80.
ShilkoSVPetrokovetsEMPleskachevskyYM. Peculiarities of friction in auxetic composites. Phys Stat Sol B2008; 245: 591–597.
81.
WeiGY. Design of auxetic polymer self-assemblies. Phys Stat Sol B2005; 242: 742–748.
82.
ChanNEvansKE. The mechanical properties of conventional and auxetic foams Part I: compression and tension. J Cell Plast1999; 35: 130–165.
83.
ChanNEvansKE. The mechanical properties of conventional and auxetic foams Part II: shear. J Cell Plast1999; 35: 166–183.
84.
AldersonKLSimkinsVRCoenenVL. How to make auxetic fibre reinforced composites. Phys Stat Sol B2005; 242: 509–518.
85.
ChoiJBLakesRS. Fracture toughness of re-entrant foam materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio: experiment and analysis. Int J Fracture1996; 80: 73–83.
86.
ScarpaFGiacominJABezaziA. Dynamic behavior and damping capacity of auxetic foam pads, 2006. proceedings of smart structures and materials conference. San Diego, CA6169–6169.
87.
PrawotoY. Seeing auxetic materials from the mechanics point of view: a structural review on the negative Poisson’s ratio. Compos Mater Sci2012; 58: 140–153.
AldersonARasburnJEvansKE. Mass transport properties of auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) foams. Phys Stat Sol B2007; 244: 817–827.
90.
AldersonARasburnJAmeer-BegS. An auxetic filter: a tuneable filter displaying enhanced size selectivity or defouling properties. Ind Eng Chem Res2000; 39: 654–665.
Smith WA and Vienna V. Composite piezoelectrics utilizing a negative Poisson’s ratio polymer. Patent US5334903, USA, 1994.
93.
NakamuraM. Fundamental properties of intermetallic compounds. Mater Res Soc Bull1995; 8: 33–39.
94.
EvansKE. Tailoring the negative Poisson's ratio. Chem Ind1990; 20: 654–654.
95.
Baker CE. Auxetic spinal implants: consideration of negative Poisson’s ratio in the design of an artificial intervertebral disc. Master’s Thesis, 2011.
96.
Burriesci G and Bergamasco G. Annuloplasty prosthesis with an auxetic structure. Patent US8034103B2, USA, 2011.
97.
AliMNRehmanIU. An auxetic structure configured as oesophageal stent with potential to be used for palliative treatment of oesophageal cancer; development and in vitro mechanical analysis. J Mater Sci Mater Med2011; 22: 2573–2581.
98.
ChoiJBLakesRS. Design of a fastener based on negative Poisson’s ratio foam. Cell Poly1991; 10: 205–212.
99.
LoureiroMALakesRS. Scale-up of transformation of negative Poisson’s ratio foam: slabs. Cell Poly1997; 16: 349–363.
100.
Jones O. Cushioned earphones. Patent US6412593B1, USA, 2002.
