Abstract
The Collaboration scales developed in previous research have been designed predominantly for university students, teachers, or organizational contexts. This study developed and validated a Collaboration Skills Scale for high school students within the Twenty-First Century Skills (TCS) framework. An initial item pool of 230 items from eight collaboration scales was refined to 53 items after content validity assessment and a pilot test with 45 students. An exploratory factor analysis conducted with 655 students from 16 schools in Punjab, Pakistan, refined the scale to 17 items distributed across five factors: communication, team support, learning orientation, participation, and conflict resolution. A confirmatory factor analysis with 1,155 students from 28 schools subsequently validated the factor structure which demonstrated an acceptable model-data fit. The scale demonstrates strong reliability and validity for assessing high school students’ collaboration skills. It offers educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers a robust tool to monitor collaboration competencies and align educational practices with the TCS framework.
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