In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the predictive power of perfectionism on 413 Brazilian athletes’ perceptions of team cohesion and conflict. Participants responded to the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2, the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire, and the Group Conflict Questionnaire. In data analysis, we used Pearson correlations, multiple regression, latent profile analysis (LPA), and multiple analysis of variance. Regression analysis revealed that perfectionistic standards were positively associated with both task and social cohesion (p < .01), while doubts about action were negatively associated with task cohesion (p < .01). Furthermore, concern over mistakes, parental pressure, and doubts about action were positively associated with social conflict (p < .01), and concern over mistakes was positively associated with task conflict (p < .01). LPA revealed two profiles of perfectionism that we termed perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic striving. Perfectionistic striving was positively correlated with social cohesion (p < .001), and perfectionistic concerns were positively correlated with both task conflict (p < .001) and social conflict (p < .001).
AkogulS.ErisogluM. (2017). An approach for determining the number of clusters in a model-based cluster analysis. Entropy, 19(9), 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/e19090452
2.
AtoM.LopezJ. J.BenaventeA. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
3.
BarkiH.HartwickJ. (2004). Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(3), 216–244. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022913
4.
BeauchampM. R.JacksonB.LavalleeD. (2014). Into the mix: Personality processes and group dynamics in sport teams group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology (pp. 21–37): Routledge.
CarronA. V.WidmeyerW. N.BrawleyL. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The group environment questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
7.
CohenS. B. (1992). Place-names in Israel's ideological struggle over the administered territories. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82(4), 653–680.
8.
CôtéJ.TurnnidgeJ.EvansM. B. (2014). The dynamic process of development through sport. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 20(3), 14–26.
9.
CowdenR. G.CrustL.JackmanP. C.DuckettT. R. (2019). Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness. South African Journal of Science, 115(1–2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/5271
10.
DamianL. E.StoeberJ.NegruO.BăbanA. (2014). Perfectionism and achievement goal orientations in adolescent school students. Psychology in the Schools, 51(9), 960–971. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21794
11.
do Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A.VieiraL. F.de SouzaE. A.VieiraJ. L. L. (2011). Level of athlete satisfaction and group cohesion in adult indoor soccer teams. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 13(3), 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2011v13n2p138
12.
DunkleyD. M.BlanksteinK. R.BergJ. L. (2012). Perfectionism dimensions and the five‐factor model of personality. European Journal of Personality, 26(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.829
13.
DunnJ. G.GotwalsJ. K.DunnJ. C.LizmoreM. R. (2019). Perfectionism, pre-competitive worry, and optimism in high-performance youth athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(6), 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1577900
14.
EklundR. C.TenenbaumG. (2013). Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology. Sage Publications.
15.
EysM. A.BrawleyL. R. (2018). Reflections on cohesion research with sport and exercise groups. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12379
EysM.LougheadT.BrayS. R.CarronA. V. (2009). Development of a cohesion questionnaire for youth: The youth sport environment questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(3), 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.3.390
18.
FerrariJ. R.MautzW. T. (1997). Predicting perfectionism: Applying tests of rigidity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 1–6.
19.
FreireG. L. M.SousaV. d. C.AlvesJ. F. N.de MoraesJ. F. V. N.de OliveiraD. V.do Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. (2020). Are the traits of perfectionism associated with pre-competitive anxiety in young athletes?Sport Psychology Notebooks20(2), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.406031
20.
GotwalsJ. K. (2011). Perfectionism and burnout within intercollegiate sport: A person-oriented approach. The Sport Psychologist, 25(4), 489–510. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.4.489
21.
GotwalsJ. K.DunnJ. G. (2009). A multi-method multi-analytic approach to establishing internal construct validity evidence: The sport multidimensional perfectionism scale 2. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 13(2), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913670902812663
22.
GustafssonH.HillA. P.StenlingA.WagnssonS. (2016). Profiles of perfectionism, parental climate, and burnout among competitive junior athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(10), 1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12553
23.
HafezD.HeislerM.ChoiH.AnkudaC. K.WinkelmanT.KullgrenJ. T. (2018). Association between purpose in life and glucose control among older adults. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kax012
24.
HairJ.RisherJ.SarstedtM.RingleC. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
25.
HardwickD. J. M.HillA. P.KumarS.DerwinK. C. C. (2021). Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in athletes: The mediating role of achievement goal orientations. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(2), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1891124
26.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L.SherryS. B.CaelianC. (2006). Trait Perfectionism dimensions and suicidal behavior. In EllisT. E. (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 215–235). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/11377-010
27.
HillA. P.MadiganD. J.SmithM. M.Mallinson-HowardS. H.DonachieT. (2019). Perfectionism in sport.
28.
HillA. P.Mallinson-HowardS. H.JowettG. E. (2018). Multidimensional perfectionism in sport: A meta-analytical review. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 235–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000125
29.
HillA. P.StoeberJ.BrownA.AppletonP. R. (2014). Team perfectionism and team performance: A prospective study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0206
30.
HoltN. L. (2014). A person-oriented examination of perfectionism and slump-related coping in female intercollegiate volleyball players. Perfectionism in Sport and Dance, 45, 298–324. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP 2014.45.298
31.
HoltN. L.KnightC. J.ZukiwskiP. (2012). Female athletes’ perceptions of teammate conflict in sport: Implications for sport psychology consultants. The Sport Psychologist, 26(1), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.1.135
32.
HoltN. L.NeelyK. C.SlaterL. G.CamiréM.CôtéJ.Fraser-ThomasJ.TamminenK. A. (2017). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review Of Sport And Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1180704
33.
HoltN. L.SparkesA. C. (2001). An ethnographic study of cohesiveness in a college soccer team over a season. The Sport Psychologist, 15(3), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.237
34.
JowettG. E.HillA. P.HallH. K.CurranT. (2016). Perfectionism, burnout and engagement in youth sport: The mediating role of basic psychological needs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24(2), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.001
35.
MadiganD. J.StoeberJ.PassfieldL. (2016). Motivation mediates the perfectionism–burnout relationship: A three-wave longitudinal study with junior athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 38(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0238
36.
MaltaM.CardosoL. O.BastosF. I.MagnaniniM. M. F.SilvaC. M. F. P. d. (2010). STROBE initiative: Guidelines on reporting observational studies. Public Health Magazine, 44(3), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021
37.
MillerA. L.LambertA. D.Speirs NeumeisterK. L. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35(4), 344–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162353212459257
38.
MyerG. D.JayanthiN.DifioriJ. P.FaigenbaumA. D.KieferA. W.LogerstedtD.MicheliL. J. (2015). Sport specialization, part I: does early sports specialization increase negative outcomes and reduce the opportunity for success in young athletes?Sports Health, 7(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1941738115598747
39.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.CodonhatoR.FreireG. L. M.FortesL. d. S.QuinaudR. T.CarvalhoH. M.FioreseL. (2020). Group conflict questionnaire: adaptation and evidences of validity for portuguese-speaking athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 127(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520905694
40.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A.d.da SilvaA. A.GranjaC. T. L.de OliveiraD. V.BatistaR. P. R.de Sousa FortesL. (2019). Do sporting experiences predict team cohesion in youth athletes?Sport Psychology Notebooks, 19(3), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.365201
41.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. D.FreireG. L. M.SilvaA. A. D.CostaN. L. G.FortesL. D. S.OliveiraD. V. D. (2020b). The predicting role of perfectionism on team cohesion among Brazilian indoor soccer athletes. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 26(1), Article e10200201. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-6574202000010201
42.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.GranjaC. T. L.FortesL. D. S.FreireG. L. M.De OliveiraD. V.PeixotoE. M. (2018). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the youth sport environment questionnaire (P-YSEQ). Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(3), 1606–1614. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.03236
43.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.OliveiraL. P.d.VissociJ. R. N.FerreiraL.FioreseL.FreireG. L. M.VieiraJ. L. L. (2020a). Perfectionism traits and coping strategies in soccer: A study on athletes’ training environment. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(2), 658–665. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.02096
44.
Nascimento JuniorJ. A. d.VissociJ.LavalleeD.CodonhatoR.NascimentoJ. V.d.VieiraL. F. (2017). The mediating role of basic needs satisfaction on the relationship of perfectionism traits and team cohesion among elite indoor soccer athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 48(6), 591–609. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP 2017.48.591
45.
Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.VissociJ. R. N.LavalleeD.VieiraL. F. (2015). Adaptation and validation of the sport multidimensional Perfectionism scale-2 (SMPS-2) for the Brazilian sport context. Motriz: Journal of Physical Education, 21(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742015000200003
46.
OliveiraL. P. d.VissociJ. R. N.Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.FerreiraL.VieiraL. F.SilvaP. N. d.VieiraJ. L. L. (2015). The impact of perfectionism traits on motivation in high-performance soccer athletes. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry & Human Performance, 17(5), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2015v17n5p601
ParadisK.CarronA.MartinL. (2014a). Development and validation of an inventory to assess conflict in sport teams: The group conflict questionnaire. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(20), 1966–1978. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.970220
49.
ParadisK.CarronA. V.MartinL. J. (2014b). Athlete perceptions of intragroup conflict in sport teams. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 4–18.
50.
Pineda-EspejelH. A.Morquecho-SánchezR.FernándezR.González-HernándezJ. (2019). Perfeccionismo interpersonal, miedo a fallar, y afectos en el deporte. Sport Psychology Notebooks, 19(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.348671
51.
SagarS. S.StoeberJ. (2009). Perfectionism, fear of failure, and affective responses to success and failure: The central role of fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(5), 602–627. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.5.602
52.
SherryS. B.HallP. A. (2009). The perfectionism model of binge eating: Tests of an integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 690.
53.
StoeberJ. (2017). The psychology of perfectionism: Critical issues, open questions, and future directions. In The psychology of perfectionism (pp. 333–352). Routledge.Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Perfectionism: A Motivational Perspective The Psychology of Perfectionism (pp. 20-44): Routledge.
54.
StoeberJ. (2018). The psychology of perfectionism: Critical issues, open questions, and future directions.
55.
StrickerJ.BueckerS.SchneiderM.PreckelF. (2019). Multidimensional perfectionism and the big five personality traits: A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Personality, 33(2), 176–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2186
56.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
57.
TamminenK. A.Page-GouldE.SchellenbergB.PalmateerT.ThaiS.SabistonC. M.CrockerP. R. (2019). A daily diary study of interpersonal emotion regulation, the social environment, and team performance among university athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101566
58.
VieiraL. F.Nascimento JuniorJ. R. A. d.VieiraJ. L. (2013). Perfectionism and group cohesion level of adult futsal athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 22(2), 0331–0336.
