This study investigated changes in motor and cognitive skills, anxiety levels, and quality of life perception among patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) following training with different commercial gaming devices—Nintendo Wii™ and Xbox Kinect™. We used a quasi-experimental, simple blinded clinical trial, dividing 27 patients with PD into three equal groups of nine members: (a) Nintendo Wii™, (b) Xbox Kinect™, and (c) control group. After pretests, experimental group participants spent 10 sessions playing four games of the selected gaming device, while control group participants received no intervention. Only those engaged with the Nintendo Wii™ significantly improved their performance on single and dual task gait tests, decreased anxiety levels, and improved memory, attention, and reversibility. The control group showed no changes on any measures.
AlmeidaL. R. S.ValencaG. T.NegreirosN. N.PintoE. B.Oliveira-FilhoJ. A. (2016) Comparison of self-report and performance-based balance measures to predict recurrent falls in people with Parkinson disease: A cohort study. Physical Therapy96(7): 1074–1084.
2.
AriasP.Robles-GarcíaV.SanmartínG.FloresJ.CudeiroJ. (2012) Virtual reality as a tool for evaluation of repetitive rhythmic movements in the elderly and Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS ONE7(1): e30021.
3.
BaptistaM. N.CarneiroA. M. (2011) Validade da escala de depressão: relação com ansiedade e stress laboral. [Validity of the depression scale: relation with anxiety and work stress.]. Estudos de Psicologica28(3): 345–352.
4.
Beaulieu-BoireL.Belzile-LachapelleS.BlanchetteA.DesmaraisP. O.Lamontagne-MontminyL.TremblayC.TousignantM. (2015) Balance rehabilitation using Xbox Kinect among an elderly population: A pilot study. Journal of Novel Physiotherapies5(2): 261.
5.
BonnechèreB.JansenB.OmelinaL.SholukhaV.JanS. V. S. (2016) Validation of the balance board for clinical evaluation of balance during serious gaming rehabilitation exercises. Telemedicine and e-Health22(9): 707–717.
6.
BrusseK. J.ZimdarsS.ZalewskiK. R.SteffenT. M. (2005) Testing functional performance in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy85(2): 134–140.
7.
CombsS. A.DiehlM. D.FilipJ. (2014) Short-distance walking speed tests in people with Parkinson disease: Reliability, responsiveness, and validity. Gait Posture39(2): 784–788.
8.
Cunha, J. A. (2001). Manual da versão em português das escalas Beck. [Manual of the Portuguese version of the Beck scales.] São Paulo, Brazil: Casa do Psicólogo.
9.
DavidF. J.RobichaudJ. A.LeurgansS. E.PoonC.KohrtW. M.GoldmanJ. G.CorcosD. M. (2015) Exercise improvement in Parkinson's disease: The PRET-PD randomized clinical trial. Movement Disorders30(12): 1657–1663.
10.
Da Silva, T. B. L., Yassuda, M. S., Guimarāes, V. V., & Florindo, A. A. (2011). Fluência Verbal e Variáveis Sociodemográficas no Processo de Envelhecimento: Um Estudo Epidemiológico. [Verbal fluency and sociodemographic variables in the aging process: An epidemiological study.]. Psicologia: Reflexāo e Crítica, 24(4), 739–746.
11.
DeutschJ.BorbelyM.FillerJ.HuhnK.Guarrera-BowlbyP. (2008) Use of a low-cost, commercially available gaming console (Wii) for rehabilitation of an adolescent with cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy88(10): 1196–1207.
12.
DissanayakaN. N. W.TorbeyE.PachanaN. A. (2015) Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: A critical review updating recent literature. International Psychogeriatrics27(11): 1777–1784.
13.
Dos Santos MendesF. A.ArduiniL.BotelhoA.da CruzM. B.Santos-Couto-PazC. C.PompeuS. M. A. A.PompeuJ. E. (2015) Pacientes com a Doença de Parkinson são capazes de melhorar seu desempenho em tarefas virtuais do Xbox Kinect®: “uma série de casos.” [Patients with Parkinson's disease are able to improve their performance in virtual tasks of the Xbox Kinect®: “A series of cases.”]. Motricidade11(3): 68–80.
14.
Dos Santos MendesF. A.PompeuJ. E.LoboA. M.da SilvaK. G.de Paula OliveiraT.ZomignaniA. P. (2012) Motor learning, retention and transfer after virtual-reality-based training in Parkinson's disease—Effect of motor and cognitive demands of games: A longitudinal, controlled clinical study. Physiotherapy98(3): 217–223.
15.
EsculierJ. F.VaudrinJ.BériaultP.GagnonK.TremblayL. E. (2012) Home-based balance training programme using Wii fit with balance board for Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine44(2): 144–150.
16.
EsculierJ. F.VaudrinJ.TremblayL. E. (2014) Corticomotor excitability in Parkinson's disease during observation, imagery and imitation of action: Effects of rehabilitation using Wii Fit and comparison to healthy controls. Journal of Parkinson's Disease4(1): 67–75.
17.
FernandesA.MendesA.RochaN.TavaresJ. M. R. S. (2016) Cognitive predictors of balance in Parkinson's disease. Somatosensory & Motor Research33(2): 67–71.
18.
FleckM. P.ChachamovichE.TrentiniC. (2006) Development and validation of the Portuguese version of the WHOQOL-OLD module. Revista de Saúde Pública40(5): 785–791.
19.
GoodwinV. A.RichardsS. H.TaylorR. S.TaylorA. H.CampbellJ. L. (2008) The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders23(5): 631–640.
20.
GonçalvesG. B. (2013) Using the Nintendo® Wii FitTM plus platform in the sensorimotor training of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria71(10): 828.
21.
GonçalvesG. B.LeiteM. A. A.OrsiniM.PereriraJ. S. (2014) Effects of using the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus Plataform in the sensorimotor training of gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurology International6(1): 5048.
22.
HausdorfJ. M. (2009) Gait dynamics in Parkinson's disease: Common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling. Chaos19(2): 026113.
23.
HenryJ. D.CrawfordJ. R. (2004) Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society10(4): 608–622.
24.
HerzN. B.MehtaS. H.SethiK. D.JacksonP.HallP.MorganJ. C. (2013) Nintendo Wii rehabilitation (‘Wii-hab’) provides benefits in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders19(11): 1039–1042.
25.
HolmesJ. D.JenkinsM. E.JohnsonA. M.HuntM. A.ClarkR. A. (2012) Validity of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for the assessment of standing balance in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Rehabilitation27(4): 361–366.
26.
KnutsonL. M.SchimmelP. A.RuffA. (1999) Standard task measurement for mobility: Thirty-second walk test. Pediatric Physical Therapy11: 183–190.
27.
KoertsJ.MeijerH. A.ColmanK. S. F.TuchaL.LangeK. W.TuchaO. (2013) What is measured with verbal fluency test in Parkinson's disease patients stages of the disease?. Journal of Neural Transmissions120(3): 403–411.
28.
KudlickaA.ClareL.HindleJ. V. (2011) Executive functions in Parkinson's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders26(13): 2305–2315.
29.
Kummer, A. M. (2009). Alterações neuropsiquiátricas na doença de Parkinson [Neuropsychiatric disorders in Parkinson's disease]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
30.
LangJ. T.KassanT. O.DevaneyL. L.Colon-SemenzaC.JosephM. F. (2016) Test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change for the 10-meter walk test in older adults with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy39(4): 165–170.
31.
LiaoY. Y.YangY. R.ChengS. J.WuY. R.FuhJ. L.WangR. Y. (2015) Virtual reality–based training to improve obstacle-crossing performance and dynamic balance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair29(7): 658–667.
32.
LohseK.ShirzadN.VersterA.HodgesN.Van der LoosH. F. (2013) Video games and rehabilitation: Using design principles to enhance engagement in physical therapy. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy37(4): 166–175.
33.
LopesR. M. F.WendtG. W.RathkeS. M.SendenD. A.da SilvaR. B. R.ArgimonI. I. L. (2012) Reflexões teóricas e práticas sobre a interpretaçāo da Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Adultos. [Theoretical and practical reflections on the interpretation of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale.]. Acta Colombiana de Psicología15(2): 109–118.
34.
MacugliaG. R.RiederC. R. M.TrentiniL. B.FilhoN. H.MoraesA. L.AlmeidaR. M. M. (2015) Comprometimento Executivo nas Fases Leve à Grave da Doença de Parkinson. [Executive commitment in the light to severe phases of Parkinson's disease.]. Psico46(2): 198–207.
35.
MargisR.DonisK. C.SchönwaldS. V.RiederC. R. M. (2010) WHOQOL-OLD assessment of quality of life in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: Influence of sleep and depressive symptoms. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria32(2): 125–131.
36.
Martinez-MartinP.UrraD.del Ser QuijanoT.Balseiro GómezJ.GómezUtreroE.PiñeiroR.AndrésM. T. (1997) A new clinical tool for gait evaluation in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology20(3): 183–194.
37.
MhatreP. V.VilaresI.StibbS. M.AlbertM. V.PickeringL.MarciniakC. M.ToledoS. (2013) Wii Fit balance board playing improves balance and gait in Parkinson disease. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation5(9): 769–777.
38.
MirelmanA.MaidanI.HermanT.DeutschJ. E.GiladiN.HausdorffJ. M. (2011) Virtual reality for gait training: Can it induce motor learning to enhance complex walking and reduce fall risk in patients with Parkinson's disease?. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences66(12): 234–240.
39.
MirelmanA.RochesterL.ReelickM.NieuwhofF.PelosinE.AbbruzzeseG.HausdorffJ. M. (2013) V-TIME: A treadmill training program augmented by virtual reality to decrease fall risk in older adults: Study design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology13: 15.
40.
MorrisS.MorrisM. E.IansekR. (2001) Reliability of measurements obtained with the timed “up & go” test in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy81(2): 810–818.
41.
Nascimento, E. (2000). Adaptação e validação do teste WAIS-III para um contexto brasileiro. [Adaptation and validation of the WAIS-III test for a Brazilian context.] Tese de doutorado, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal.
42.
NegriniS.BissolottiL.FerrarisA.NoroF.BishopM. D.VillafañeJ. H. (2016) Nintendo Wii Fit for balance rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson's disease: A comparative study. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies21(1): 117–123.
43.
NoceraJ. R.StegemöllerE. L.MalatyI. A.OkunM. S.MarsiskeM.HassC. J. (2013) Using timed up & go test in a clinical setting to predict falling in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation94(7): 1300–1305.
44.
PakerN.BugdavciD.GoksenogluG.Tekdös DemircioğluD.KesiktasN.InceN. (2015) Gait speed and related factors in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Physical Therapy Science27(12): 3675–3679.
45.
PompeuJ. E.ArduiniL. A.BotelhoA. R.FonsecaM. B. F.PompeuS. M. A. A.Torriani-PasinC.DeutschJ. E. (2014) Feasibility, safety and outcomes of playing Kinect Adventures!™ for people with Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. Physiotherapy100(2): 162–168.
46.
PompeuJ. E.MendesF. A. S.da SilvaK. G.LoboA. M.OliveiraT. P.ZomignaniA. P. (2012) Effect of Nintendo WiiTM-based motor and cognitive training on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomized clinical trial. Physiotherapy98(3): 196–204.
47.
RuttenS.GhielenI.VriendC.HoogendoornA. W.BerendseH. W.LeentjensA. F.van den HeuveO. A. (2015) Anxiety in Parkinson's disease: Symptom dimensions and overlap with depression and autonomic failure. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders21(3): 189–193.
48.
RyanJ. J.Schnakenberg-OttS. D. (2003) Scoring reliability on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III). Assessment10(2): 151–159.
49.
SalbachN. M.MayoN. E.HigginsJ.AhmedS.FinchL. E.RichardsC. L. (2001) Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation82(9): 1204–1212.
50.
SouzaC. F. M.AlmeidaH. C. P.SousaJ. B.CostaP. H.SilveiraY. S. S.BezerraJ. C. L. (2011) A Doença de Parkinson e o Processo de Envelhecimento Motor: Uma Revisão de Literatura. [Parkinson's disease and the motor aging process: A literature review.]. Revista Neurociencias19(4): 718–723.
51.
SteffenT.SeneyM. (2008) Test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-item short-form health survey, and the unified Parkinson disease rating scale in people with Parkinsonism. PhysicalTherapy88(6): 733–746.
Yogev-SeligmannG.GiladiN.BrozgolM.HausdorffJ. M. (2012) A training program to improve gait while dual tasking in patients with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation93(1): 176–181.
54.
ZaleckiT.Gorecka-MazurA.PietraszkoW.SurowkaA. D.NovakP.MoskalaM.Krygowska-WajsA. (2013) Visual feedback training using WII Fit improves balance in Parkinson's disease. Folia Medica Cracoviensia53(1): 65–78.
55.
ZimmermannR.GschwandtnerU.BenzN.HatzD. F.SchindlerC.TaubE.FuhrP. (2014) Cognitive training in Parkinson's disease: Cognition-specific vs nonspecific computer training. Neurology82(14): 1219–1226.
