This study focused on the effects of three different sets of curing conditions on the creep properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with unidirectional sisal fibers: (i) curing at room temperature, followed by postcuring at 120°C in an oven; (ii) curing in an oven at 100°C for 4 h; and (iii) curing with an accelerator at a ratio of 100:38:1 at room temperature without postcuring. The sisal/epoxy [0°] composite cured at room temperature presented the highest tensile strength, whereas the sisal/epoxy composite cured with an accelerator presented superior tensile creep resistance and long-term performance. The scanning electron microscopy images confirmed good fiber/matrix adhesion. Finally, the Findley and Burger models effectively predicted the creep behavior of the sisal/epoxy composites under long-term service use.
SonaliSFarzanaMHaqueMM, et al.Natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites: importance of jute fiber. GSC Adv Res Rev2023; 15: 21–29. DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2023.15.1.0078.
2.
SenthilkumarKSabaNRajiniN, et al.Mechanical properties evaluation of sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review. Constr Build Mater2018; 174: 713–729. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.143.
3.
AbebayehuSGEngidaAM. Preparation of biocomposite material with superhydrophobic surface by reinforcing waste polypropylene with sisal (Agave sisalana) fibers. Int J Polym Sci2021; 2021: 1–15. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642112.
4.
ChokshiSParmarVGohilP, et al.Chemical composition and mechanical properties of natural fibers. J Nat Fibers2022; 19: 3942–3953. DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2020.1848738.
5.
ElfalehIAbbassiFHabibiM, et al.A comprehensive review of natural fibers and their composites: an eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials. Results Eng2023; 19: 101271. DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101271.
6.
GholampourAOzbakkalogluT. A review of natural fiber composites: properties, modification and processing techniques, characterization, applications. J Mater Sci2020; 55: 829–892. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-019-03990-y.
7.
SabaNJawaidMAlothmanOY, et al.A review on dynamic mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Constr Build Mater2016; 106: 149–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.075.
8.
MilitelloCBongiornoFEpastoG, et al.Low-velocity impact behaviour of green epoxy biocomposite laminates reinforced by sisal fibers. Compos Struct2020; 253: 112744. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112744.
9.
SánchezMLCapoteGCarrilloJ. Composites reinforced with Guadua fibers: physical and mechanical properties. Constr Build Mater2019; 228: 116749. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116749.
10.
DharekMSVengalaJSunagarP, et al.Biocomposites and their applications in civil engineering—an overview. In: KolheMLJajuSBDiagavanePM (eds). Smart Technologies for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022, pp. 151–165. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-6875-3_13.
11.
BHMPGowdaSDuttKM, et al.The impact of ecological aging on the mechanical performance of jute-banana fibre phenol-formaldehyde hybrid composites. Mater Res Express2024; 11: 085309. DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ad6dba.
12.
MiniappanPKMarimuthuSKumarSD, et al.Mechanical, fracture-deformation, and tribology behavior of fillers-reinforced sisal fiber composites for lightweight automotive applications. Rev Adv Mater Sci2023; 62. DOI: 10.1515/rams-2023-0342.
13.
RasuKVeerabathiranA. Tribological behaviour of industrial waste based agave sisalana/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites for marine applications. Mater Test2023; 65: 593–602. DOI: 10.1515/mt-2022-0431.
14.
TeixeiraLAVilson Dalla JuniorLLuzSM. Chemical treatment of curaua fibres and its effect on the mechanical performance of fibre/polyester composites. Plast Rubber Compos2020; 50: 189–199. DOI: 10.1080/14658011.2020.1862978.
15.
GülÇKocakED. Composite material design for aircrafts from sustainable lignocellulosic fibers—a review. In: MuthuSSAngel GardettiM (eds). Sustainable Design in Textiles and Fashion. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021, pp. 23–37. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2466-7_2.
16.
LamhourKRouwayMTizliouineA, et al.Experimental study on the properties of Alfa/wool woven fabrics reinforced epoxy composite as an application in wind turbine blades. J Compos Mater2022; 56: 3253–3268. DOI: 10.1177/00219983221111493.
17.
ZankerHRajabipourAHuangD, et al.Creep analysis of bamboo composite for structural applications. Polymers2023; 15: 711. DOI: 10.3390/polym15030711.
18.
LiMPuYThomasVM, et al.Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications. Compos Part B Eng2020; 200: 108254. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108254.
19.
KalagiGRPatilRNayakN. Experimental study on mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials for wind turbine blades. Mater Today Proc2018; 5: 2588–2596. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.043.
20.
ChenJWangJNiA. Recycling and reuse of composite materials for wind turbine blades: an overview. J Reinforc Plast Compos2019; 38: 567–577. DOI: 10.1177/0731684419833470.
21.
PradeepAVPrasadSVSSuryamLV, et al.A comprehensive review on contemporary materials used for blades of wind turbine. Mater Today Proc2019; 19: 556–559. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.732.
22.
RajEFIAppaduraiMRamV, et al.Natural-fibre-reinforced composite-based micro-size wind turbines: numerical analysis and feasibility study. J Compos Sci2023; 7: 197. DOI: 10.3390/jcs7050197.
23.
MishnaevskyLBrannerKPetersenH, et al.Materials for wind turbine blades: an overview. Materials2017; 10: 1285. DOI: 10.3390/ma10111285.
24.
GudayuADSteuernagelLMeinersD, et al.Sisal fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate composites Fabrication, characterization and possible application. Polym Polym Compos2022; 30: 1–15. DOI: 10.1177/09673911221103317.
AnidhaSLathaNMuthukkumarM. Effect of polyaramid reinforced with sisal epoxy composites: tensile, impact, flexural and morphological properties. J Mater Res Technol2020; 9: 7947–7954. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.04.081.
27.
Abera BetelieANicholas SinclairAKortschotM, et al.Mechanical properties of sisal-epoxy composites as functions of fiber-to-epoxy ratio. AIMS Mater Sci2019; 6: 985–996. DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2019.6.985.
28.
SahuPGuptaMK. Eco-friendly treatment and coating for improving the performance of sisal composites. Polym Test2021; 93: 106923. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106923.
29.
GiulianiPMGianniniOPanciroliR. Creep and stress relaxation of unidirectional flax fiber reinforced laminates. Compos Struct2023; 310: 116755. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116755.
30.
BalajiNKumarJVSPRameshG, et al.Investigation on DMA, fatigue and creep behaviour of rice husk ash biosilica-prickly pear short fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composite. Silicon2022; 14: 12773–12779. DOI: 10.1007/s12633-022-01981-4.
31.
XuBvan den HurkBBlokR, et al.The application of the accelerated test methods on the creep analysis of flax fiber reinforced polymer composites. Mater Today Proc2023; 85: 33–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.251.
32.
SalaBGabrionXTrivaudeyF, et al.Influence of the stress level and hygrothermal conditions on the creep/recovery behaviour of high-grade flax and hemp fibre reinforced GreenPoxy matrix composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2021; 141: 106204. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106204.
33.
LaiFJamesSOnaranKWN. Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials, with an introduction to linear viscoelasticity1976.
34.
TeixeiraLALibera JuniorVDda LuzSM. The effect of fiber orientation on creep behavior of sisal/epoxy composites. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng2023; 45: 258. DOI: 10.1007/s40430-023-04182-1.
35.
MilitkýJJabbarA. Comparative evaluation of fiber treatments on the creep behavior of jute/green epoxy composites. Compos Part B Eng2015; 80: 361–368. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.014.
36.
XuHLCaoYWangWH, et al.Creep model of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite. Mater Sci Forum2016; 850: 86–90. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.850.86.
37.
PrasadKNikzadMSbarskiI. Using viscoelastic modeling and molecular dynamics based simulations to characterize polymer natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci2020; 137: 49220. DOI: 10.1002/app.49220.
38.
AgrawalAChandrakerS. An experimental investigation of epoxy‐based hybrid composites with hexagonal boron nitride and short sisal fiber as reinforcement for high performance microelectronic applications. Polym Eng Sci2022; 62: 160–173. DOI: 10.1002/pen.25841.
39.
WaghmareSShelareSAglaweK, et al.A mini review on fibre reinforced polymer composites. Mater Today Proc2021; 54: 682–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.379.
40.
DasappaPLee-SullivanPXiaoX. Development of viscoplastic strains during creep in continuous fibre GMT composites. Compos Part B Eng2010; 41: 48–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.03.008.
41.
AnandAGhoshSKPrustyRK. Effects of seawater absorption and desorption on the long-term creep performance of graphene oxide embedded glass fiber/epoxy composites. Polym Compos2020; 41: 4861–4871. DOI: 10.1002/pc.25758.
42.
YoussefG. Creep analysis of E‐glass vinyl‐ester laminated composites for underground vault structures. Polym Compos2020; 41: 3564–3574. DOI: 10.1002/pc.25643.
43.
AleksendrićDCarlonePĆirovićV. Optimization of the temperature-time curve for the curing process of thermoset matrix composites. Appl Compos Mater2016; 23: 1047–1063. DOI: 10.1007/s10443-016-9499-y.
44.
BadawyAAM. Impact behavior of glass fibers reinforced composite laminates at different temperatures. Ain Shams Eng J2012; 3: 105–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2012.01.001.
45.
HütherJBrøndstedP. Influence of the curing cycles on the fatigue performance of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2016; 139: 012023. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/139/1/012023.
46.
AnusicAResch‐FausterKMahendranAR, et al.Anhydride cured bio‐based epoxy resin: effect of moisture on thermal and mechanical properties. Macromol Mater Eng2019; 304: 1900031. DOI: 10.1002/mame.201900031.
47.
YousefiNEvansADHarperLT, et al.Solid epoxy resin systems for automated composite manufacturing. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2021; 142: 106205. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106205.
48.
WangCRGuYZZhangKM, et al.Rapid curing epoxy resin and its application in carbon fibre composite fabricated using vartm moulding. Polym Polym Compos2013; 21: 315–324. DOI: 10.1177/096739111302100506.
49.
MüllerMGerritzenJGrögerB, et al.Thermomechanical characterization of a fast curing epoxy resin for simulation of surface waviness. Procedia Manuf2020; 47: 129–133. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.152.
50.
GrohFKappelEHühneC, et al.Investigation of fast curing epoxy resins regarding process induced distortions of fibre reinforced composites. Compos Struct2019; 207: 923–934. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.09.003.
51.
NiaziMBeheshtyMH. A new latent accelerator and study of its effect on physical, mechanical and shelf-life of carbon fiber epoxy prepreg. Iran Polym J (Engl Ed)2019; 28: 337–346. DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00704-8.
52.
GoncalvesPTArteiroARochaN. Micro-mechanical analysis of the effect of ply thickness on curing micro-residual stresses in a carbon/epoxy composite laminate. Compos Struct2023; 319: 117158. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117158.
53.
MgbemenaCOLiDLinM-F, et al.Accelerated microwave curing of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites for structural applications: a review of scientific challenges. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2018; 115: 88–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.09.012.
54.
ASTM D3039/D3039M. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. ASTM Int, 2017: 1–13. DOI: 10.1520/D3039_D3039M-17.
55.
NandaAMohapatraDBBMahapatraAPK, et al.Multiple comparison test by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD): do the confident level control type I error. Int J Stat Appl Math2021; 6: 59–65. DOI: 10.22271/maths.2021.v6.i1a.636.
56.
LeeSLeeDK. What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?Korean J Anesthesiol2018; 71: 353–360. DOI: 10.4097/kja.d.18.00242.
LassilaLGaroushiSVallittuPK, et al.Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced restorative composite with two distinguished fiber length distribution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2016; 60: 331–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.036.
59.
dos SantosAJGRibeiroMMCorrêaAC, et al.Morphological, chemical and mechanical properties of hybrid polyester composites reinforced with bamboo fibers and kaolin waste. J Mater Res Technol2024; 30: 1–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.003.
60.
GhorbaniJDaghighVRahmatiS, et al.Creep behavior of latania natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites at elevated temperatures. Polym Compos2021; 42: 3089–3097. DOI: 10.1002/pc.26041.
61.
ChallaSRProgelhofRC. A study of creep and creep rupture of polycarbonate. Polym Eng Sci1995; 35: 546–554. DOI: 10.1002/pen.760350613.
62.
KawaiMSagawaT. Temperature dependence of off-axis tensile creep rupture behavior of a unidirectional carbon/epoxy laminate. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2008; 39: 523–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.12.006.
63.
Al‐MaqdasiZPupureLGongG, et al.Time‐dependent properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced high‐density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci2021; 138: 50783. DOI: 10.1002/app.50783.
64.
TeixeiraLA. The effect of different curing conditions on the creep of unidirectional sisal/epoxy composites. University of Brasília, 2023.
65.
MisumiJGaneshRSockalingamS, et al.Experimental characterization of tensile properties of epoxy resin by using micro-fiber specimens. J Reinforc Plast Compos2016; 35: 1792–1801. DOI: 10.1177/0731684416669248.
66.
MangestiyonoWSetyokoBYoel TadeusD, et al.Mechanical strength of 10 kW wind turbine blade utilize glass fiber reinforced plastic. Mater Today Proc2019; 13: 71–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.190.
67.
StanciuMDDrăghicescuHTRoșcaIC. Mechanical properties of GFRPs exposed to tensile, compression and tensile–tensile cyclic tests. Polymers2021; 13: 898. DOI: 10.3390/polym13060898.
68.
RicottaMSorgatoMZappalortoM. Tensile and compressive quasi-static behaviour of 40% short glass fibre - PPS reinforced composites with and without geometrical variations. Theor Appl Fract Mech2021; 114: 102990. DOI: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.102990.
69.
PattanaikAMukherjeeMMishraSB. Influence of curing condition on thermo-mechanical properties of fly ash reinforced epoxy composite. Compos Part B Eng2019; 176: 107301. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107301.
70.
LiuZGuanZLiuF, et al.Time-temperature dependent mechanical properties of cured epoxy resin and unidirectional CFRP. In: 2017 8th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. IEEE, 2017, pp. 113–117. DOI: 10.1109/ICMAE.2017.8038626.
71.
CampanaCLegerRSonnierR, et al.Effect of post curing temperature on mechanical properties of a flax fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2018; 107: 171–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.12.029.
72.
SeoJYuiNSeoJ-H. Development of a supramolecular accelerator simultaneously to increase the cross-linking density and ductility of an epoxy resin. Chem Eng J2019; 356: 303–311. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.020.
73.
DasSCLa RosaADGoutianosS, et al.Effect of accelerated weathering on the performance of natural fibre reinforced recyclable polymer composites and comparison with conventional composites. Compos Part C Open Access2023; 12: 100378. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2023.100378.
74.
MarichelvamMKKumarCLKandakodeeswaranK, et al.Investigation on mechanical properties of novel natural fiber-epoxy resin hybrid composites for engineering structural applications. Case Stud Constr Mater2023; 19: e02356. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02356.
75.
KumarSPrasadLPatelVK, et al.Physical and mechanical properties of natural leaf fiber-reinforced epoxy polyester composites. Polymers2021; 13: 1369. DOI: 10.3390/polym13091369.
76.
YusoffRBTakagiHNakagaitoAN. A comparative study of polylactic acid (PLA)-Based unidirectional green hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers such as kenaf, bamboo and coir. Hybrid Adv2023; 3: 100073. DOI: 10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100073.
77.
PickeringKLEfendyMGALeTM. A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2016; 83: 98–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038.
78.
PrabhuLKrishnarajVSathishS, et al.A review on natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites: chemical treatments, manufacturing methods and potential applications. Mater Today Proc2021; 45: 8080–8085. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.280.
79.
SilvaSOTeixeiraLAGontijoAB, et al.Processing characterization of sisal/epoxy prepregs. J Res Updat Polym Sci2021; 10: 42–50. DOI: 10.6000/1929-5995.2021.10.6.
80.
ReddySSPSureshRMBH, et al.Use of composite materials and hybrid composites in wind turbine blades. Mater Today Proc2021; 46: 2827–2830. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.745.
81.
PérezCJAlvarezVAVázquezA. Creep behaviour of layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blends nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng2008; 480: 259–265. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.031.
82.
ElKhouryLBergJC. The effect of curing schedules on fiber-matrix adhesion in carbon fiber–epoxy resin composites. J Compos Mater2022; 56: 699–712. DOI: 10.1177/00219983211060467.
83.
VolkmannETushtevKKochD, et al.Influence of fiber orientation and matrix processing on the tensile and creep performance of Nextel 610 reinforced polymer derived ceramic matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng2014; 614: 171–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.027.
84.
BerardiVPFeoLMancusiG, et al.Influence of reinforcement viscous properties on reliability of existing structures strengthened with externally bonded composites. Compos Struct2018; 200: 532–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.111.
85.
ReisPNBSilvaMPSantosP, et al.Viscoelastic behaviour of composites with epoxy matrix filled by cork powder. Compos Struct2020; 234: 111669. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111669.
86.
OrnaghiHLMonticeliFMNevesRM, et al.Effect of stacking sequence and porosity on creep behavior of glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy hybrid laminate composites. Compos Commun2020; 19: 210–219. DOI: 10.1016/j.coco.2020.04.006.
87.
YangJZhangZSchlarbAK, et al.On the characterization of tensile creep resistance of polyamide 66 nanocomposites. Part II: modeling and prediction of long-term performance. Polymer2006; 47: 6745–6758. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.060.
88.
Alipour SkandaniAAl-HaikM. Viscoplastic characterization and modeling of hybrid carbon fiber/carbon nanotubes reinforced composites. Compos Part B Eng2016; 99: 63–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.029.
89.
BatistaMDSTeixeiraLALoulyADS, et al.Fatigue damage propagation and creep behavior on sisal/epoxy composites. Polímeros2022; 32: 1–9. DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210093.
90.
CruzRCorreiaLCabral-FonsecaS, et al.Effects of the preparation, curing and hygrothermal conditions on the viscoelastic response of a structural epoxy adhesive. Int J Adhesion Adhes2021; 110: 102961. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102961.
91.
XuYWuQLeiY, et al.Creep behavior of bagasse fiber reinforced polymer composites. Bioresour Technol2010; 101: 3280–3286. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.072.
92.
WangXGongL-XTangL-C, et al.Temperature dependence of creep and recovery behaviors of polymer composites filled with chemically reduced graphene oxide. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2015; 69: 288–298. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.031.
93.
GuedesRMFariaH. Composite materials in piping applications. 2015.
94.
YildirimNShalerSWestW, et al.The usability of Burger body model on determination of oriented strand boards’ creep behavior. Adv Compos Lett2020; 29: 2633366X2093589. DOI: 10.1177/2633366X20935895.
95.
BerardiVPPerrellaMArmentaniE, et al.Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of creep response of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites. Fatig Fract Eng Mater Struct2021; 44: 1085–1095. DOI: 10.1111/ffe.13415.
96.
OrnaghiHLAlmeidaJHSMonticeliFM, et al.Time-temperature behavior of carbon/epoxy laminates under creep loading. Mech Time-Dependent Mater2020; 25: 601–615. DOI: 10.1007/s11043-020-09463-z.
97.
Morais GautérioJCofferriLda SilvaAHM, et al.Lifetime prediction of high-modulus polyethylene yarns subjected to creep using the Larson–Miller methodology. Polym Polym Compos2019; 27: 400–406. DOI: 10.1177/0967391119847534.
98.
StarkovaOGaganiAIKarlCW, et al.Modelling of environmental ageing of polymers and polymer composites—durability prediction methods. Polymers2022; 14: 907. DOI: 10.3390/polym14050907.
99.
AmjadiMFatemiA. Creep behavior and modeling of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Polym Test2021; 94: 107031. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.107031.
100.
BartonSJCherryBW. Predicting the creep rupture life of polyethylene pipe. Polym Eng Sci1979; 19: 590–595. DOI: 10.1002/pen.760190811.
101.
Gil-CastellOBadiaJDKittikornT, et al.Hydrothermal ageing of polylactide/sisal biocomposites. Studies of water absorption behaviour and Physico-Chemical performance. Polym Degrad Stabil2014; 108: 212–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.010.
102.
YorsengKMavinkere RangappaSParameswaranpillaiJ, et al.Influence of accelerated weathering on the mechanical, fracture morphology, thermal stability, contact angle, and water absorption properties of natural fiber fabric-based epoxy hybrid composites. Polymers2020; 12: 2254. DOI: 10.3390/polym12102254.
103.
da Silva BatistaMTeixeiraLAMaria da LuzS. Hygrothermal exposure and residual strength after cyclic loading on epoxy composites reinforced with sisal fibers. Polym Test2023; 127: 108192. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.108192.
